# South Africa NSC Matric History, Geography & K53 Learner's Licence: Cold War, Civil Society Protests, Truth & Reconciliation (TRC), Geomorphology & K53 Road Rules > Covers South Africa CAPS Grade 12 NSC Matric History (Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam, Black Power, Steve Biko & Black Consciousness, Soweto Uprising, 1990–1994 Negotiations, TRC), Geography (Mid-Latitude & Tropical Cyclones, Berg Winds, Fluvial Geomorphology, Settlement), and the Official K53 Learner's Licence Test. - **Canonical URL:** https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/183cc126-af1e-4d66-a841-8765edefaf92/ - **Markdown URL:** https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/183cc126-af1e-4d66-a841-8765edefaf92.md - **Level:** intermediate - **Languages:** en → en - **Total Cards:** 32 ## Flashcards (32 Cards) | # | Front (Term / Prompt) | Back (Definition / Answer) | Example | Multiple-Choice Options | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | 1 | In Matric History Paper 2 (South Africa 1970s–1980s), what was the philosophy of Steve Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM), and how did it influence the June 16, 1976 Soweto Uprising? | Founded via SASO (1968) and the BPC (1972) by Steve Biko, Black Consciousness aimed to liberate Black people (Africans, Coloureds, Indians) from psychological inferiority ('the most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed'), fostering self-reliance, Black pride, and solidarity. BCM inspired SASM (South African Students' Movement) and the Soweto Students' Representative Council (SSRC, led by Tsietsi Mashinini), which organized the June 16, 1976 protest against the Bantu Education decree enforcing Afrikaans as a 50:50 medium of instruction. | | | | 2 | In Matric History (Civil Society Protests 1950s–1970s), contrast Martin Luther King Jr.'s US Civil Rights Movement with Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, and the Black Panther Party's Black Power Movement. | US Civil Rights Movement (MLK Jr., SCLC, SNCC, NAACP): used non-violent civil disobedience (Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955, Greensboro Sit-ins 1960, Freedom Rides 1961, Birmingham & March on Washington 1963, Selma-to-Montgomery March 1965) to achieve integration, resulting in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. Black Power Movement (Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, Huey Newton & Bobby Seale's Black Panther Party): rejected slow integration and passive non-violence in the face of police brutality and urban ghetto poverty, promoting Black pride ('Black is Beautiful'), self-reliance, community survival programs (free breakfast for children), and armed self-defence. | | | | 3 | In Matric Geography, how do Berg Winds develop in South Africa, during which season do they occur, and what hazard do they pose? | Berg Winds occur primarily in late winter/early spring when a strong Kalahari High Pressure cell over the interior plateau interacts with an approaching coastal Low Pressure / Mid-Latitude Cyclone. Air flows from the interior plateau down the escarpment toward the coast, warming adiabatically at the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (+1°C per 100 m descent)—producing hot, dry, gusty winds along the coast that create severe veldfire (bushfire) hazards. | | | | 4 | In the SA K53 Learner's Licence Test (Tyre Tread Depth & Abandoning Vehicles), what is the minimum legal tyre tread depth for a motor vehicle, and how long may a vehicle be left abandoned on a public road? | Minimum tyre tread depth across the entire breadth and circumference of the tyre: at least 1.0 millimetre (1 mm) for cars/light vehicles (and motorcycles >50 cc). A vehicle left standing in the same place on a public road for more than 24 hours inside an urban area (or 7 days outside an urban area, or immediately if causing an obstruction) is deemed abandoned and may be impounded. | | | | 5 | In Matric Geography (Geomorphology), define Drainage Density, Stream Order (Strahler's hierarchy), River Rejuvenation, and River Capture (Stream Piracy). | Drainage Density = Total length of all streams in a basin ÷ Total area of the drainage basin (high density occurs on impermeable rock, steep slopes, sparse vegetation, heavy rainfall). River Rejuvenation occurs when a river gains renewed erosive energy due to a drop in sea level (isostatic uplift) or increased rainfall—forming knickpoints, incised/entrenched meanders, and paired river terraces. River Capture occurs when a more energetic captor stream erodes backward (headward erosion) through a watershed to divert the headwaters of a less energetic captive stream, leaving a wind gap, elbow of capture, and misfit (underfit) stream. | | | | 6 | In Matric Geography (Rural & Urban Settlement), distinguish between Site and Situation, Nucleated and Dispersed rural patterns, and Urban Land-Use Zones (CBD, Transition Zone, Residential, Rural-Urban Fringe). | Site: the exact physical piece of land a settlement occupies (water, relief, soil, aspect); Situation: the location of a settlement in relation to its surrounding environment (transport routes, markets). CBD (Central Business District): maximum accessibility, highest land values, tallest high-density commercial buildings; Transition Zone (Zone of Decay): mixed land use, older dilapidated buildings undergoing invasion/succession or gentrification/urban renewal; Rural-Urban Fringe: mixture of urban and rural functions (airports, golf courses, sewage works, smallholdings, estates). | | | | 7 | In Matric History (Source-Based & Essay Questions), what is the DBE PEEL method for writing History Essays, and how do you evaluate the Reliability, Usefulness, and Bias of a historical source? | PEEL Essay Paragraph structure: Point (clear line of argument answering the question), Explanation, Evidence (historical facts, dates, leaders), and Link back to your main thesis stance ('to a great/lesser extent'). When assessing Reliability/Bias of a source, examine the author/origin, date, intended audience, purpose/motive, emotive/propaganda language, and whether it is corroborated by other independent visual or written sources. | | | | 8 | In Matric Geography (GIS - Geographic Information Systems), distinguish between Vector Data and Raster Data, and define Spatial Resolution, Buffering, Attribute Data, and Data Layering. | Vector data represents geographic features using points (schools, trigonometrical beacons), lines (roads, rivers), and polygons (dams, cultivated lands). Raster data represents the world as a grid of pixels/cells (satellite imagery, orthophotos). Spatial resolution is the size of the smallest pixel/detail visible; Buffering creates a zone of specified distance around a feature (e.g., 50 m flood buffer along a river); Attribute data is non-spatial descriptive data stored in tables linked to spatial features. | | | | 9 | In Matric Geography (Microclimate / Valley & Urban Climates), distinguish between Katabatic and Anabatic winds in valleys, and explain why an Urban Heat Island forms over cities. | Anabatic wind (upslope wind during the day): sun heats upper valley slopes, warm air rises upslope. Katabatic wind (downslope wind at night): terrestrial radiation cools upper slopes rapidly, cold dense air drains downslope to the valley floor, creating a Frost Pocket at the bottom and a warm Thermal Belt midway up the slope (ideal for frost-sensitive crops and settlements). Urban Heat Islands occur because concrete/tar absorb heat, tall buildings trap radiation/block wind, there is less vegetation/evapotranspiration, and vehicles/factories/air-conditioners release anthropogenic heat. | | | | 10 | In NSC Matric History Paper 1 (The Cold War), what were the decisions made at the Yalta Conference (Feb 1945) vs. the Potsdam Conference (July–Aug 1945) that divided Germany and Europe? | At Yalta (Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin): agreed to divide defeated Germany and Berlin into four Allied occupation zones (USA, Britain, France, USSR), hold free elections in liberated Eastern Europe, and establish the United Nations. At Potsdam (Truman replaced Roosevelt, Attlee replaced Churchill, Stalin had occupied Eastern Europe, and USA had tested the atomic bomb): deep distrust emerged over reparations and Soviet communist regimes in Poland/Eastern Europe. | | | | 11 | In Matric History (Cold War in Europe), what were the Truman Doctrine (1947) and the Marshall Plan (European Recovery Program), and how did Stalin respond? | The Truman Doctrine committed the USA to a policy of CONTAINMENT—providing military and financial aid (initially $400 million to Greece and Turkey) to stop the spread of communism. The Marshall Plan provided $13+ billion in economic aid to rebuild Western Europe. Stalin condemned it as 'Dollar Imperialism' and responded by forming COMINFORM (1947) and COMECON (1949). | | | | 12 | In the SA K53 Learner's Licence Test (Parking & Stopping Prohibitions), within how many metres of an intersection, pedestrian crossing, tunnel, bridge, or railway level crossing is parking or stopping prohibited? | You may NOT PARK: within 5 metres of any intersection (road corner); within 9 metres of the approach side of a pedestrian crossing; within 1.5 metres of a fire hydrant; or in front of a driveway. You may NOT STOP (or park): on or within 6 metres of any bridge, tunnel, or subway; on the crest of a hill or blind curve where visibility is less than 150 metres; or within 9 metres of a pedestrian crossing. | | | | 13 | In the SA K53 Learner's Licence Test (Four-Way Stop & Roundabout/Traffic Circle), who has the right of way at a 4-Way Stop versus a Traffic Circle / Mini-Circle? | At a 4-Way Stop: vehicles must come to a complete halt behind the stop line and proceed in the exact order in which they arrived ('first to arrive, first to go'); if two arrive simultaneously, yield to the vehicle on your right. At a Traffic Circle / Mini-Circle: yield to traffic approaching from your RIGHT (or vehicles already inside the circle/having crossed the yield line first at a mini-circle). | | | | 14 | In Matric Geography (Fluvial Geomorphology), compare the Upper, Middle, and Lower courses of a river regarding gradient, flow type, erosion vs. deposition, and characteristic landforms. | Upper Course: steep concave gradient, turbulent flow, vertical (downward) erosion dominant -> V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, rapids, waterfalls, gorge. Middle Course: gentler gradient, lateral erosion and transport -> wider open valley, meanders begin, slip-off slope (deposition on inner bend) and undercut bluff (erosion on outer bend). Lower Course: very gentle/flat gradient, laminar flow, deposition dominant -> wide floodplain, oxbow lakes, natural levees, braided streams, and deltas. | | | | 15 | In the SA K53 Learner's Licence Test (Road Traffic Signs Classification), how do Regulatory Signs (Command, Prohibition, Reservation, Comprehensive), Warning Signs, and Information/Guidance Signs differ by shape and colour? | Command Signs (tell you what you MUST do, e.g., minimum speed, keep left): circular with a WHITE symbol on a BLUE background. Prohibition Signs (tell you what you MUST NOT do, e.g., speed limit, no overtaking, no U-turn): circular with a BLACK symbol on a WHITE background and a RED border (or yellow background if temporary/construction). Warning Signs (alert to hazards ahead): equilateral TRIANGLE pointing upwards with a RED border and BLACK symbol on a WHITE (permanent) or YELLOW (temporary) background. | | | | 16 | In Matric History (Independent Africa: Congo vs. Tanzania & Angola), compare Mobutu Sese Seko's rule in the Congo (Zaire) with Julius Nyerere's 'Ujamaa' African Socialism in Tanzania. | Congo (Mobutu): seized power in 1965 with Western/CIA backing after Patrice Lumumba's assassination; established a centralized one-party kleptocracy, 'Zaireanisation' (Authenticité), and neo-colonial dependence on foreign mineral extraction. Tanzania (Nyerere): Arusha Declaration (1967) introduced 'Ujamaa' (familyhood)—African Socialism emphasizing self-reliance, nationalization, compulsory villagisation, universal primary education in Kiswahili, and ethnic unity, though agricultural production declined. | | | | 17 | In the SA K53 Learner's Licence Test (Towing, Projections & Blood Alcohol), what are the legal limits for towing distance, red warning flags on projecting loads, headlight beam visibility, and blood alcohol concentration (BAC)? | Maximum distance between two vehicles when towing: 3.5 metres (and if the tow-rope/chain exceeds 1.8 metres, a red flag must be tied in the middle; maximum towing speed is 30 km/h unless towed with a rigid tow-bar/drawbar). Any load projecting more than 300 mm beyond the rear (or 150 mm to the side) must display a 300 mm × 300 mm red flag by day (and red/white reflectors/lights at night). Dipped headlights must illuminate the road at least 45 metres ahead (main/bright beam: 100 metres ahead). Statutory Blood Alcohol limit for private drivers: < 0.05 g per 100 ml of blood (0.02 g for professional/PrDP drivers). | | | | 18 | In Matric History Paper 2 (Truth and Reconciliation Commission - TRC), under which Act was the TRC established in 1995, who chaired it, what were its three committees, and why did it choose Restorative Justice over Retributive Justice (Nuremberg-style trials)? | Established under the Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act of 1995 and chaired by Archbishop Desmond Tutu (with Alex Boraine as Deputy Chair). Three committees: 1. Human Rights Violations Committee (public victim hearings), 2. Reparation and Rehabilitation Committee, and 3. Amnesty Committee (granted conditional amnesty ONLY if the perpetrator made full disclosure AND proved the act was politically motivated and proportional, covering Sept 1960 to May 1994). Restorative justice was chosen as a political compromise required by the negotiated settlement to uncover the truth and heal the nation without triggering a right-wing/security-force civil war. | | | | 19 | In Matric History (Cold War Case Study: Vietnam War, 1955–1975), why did the world's superpower (USA) fail to defeat the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army? | USA relied on conventional high-tech warfare ('Operation Rolling Thunder' bombing, napalm, Agent Orange defoliants, 'Search and Destroy' missions, Strategic Hamlets) which alienated Vietnamese peasants. The Viet Cong used effective guerrilla warfare (booby traps, Cu Chi tunnel networks, Ho Chi Minh Trail supply line) with strong nationalist support. The 1968 Tet Offensive and My Lai Massacre turned US television public opinion and student protests against the war, leading to Nixon's 'Vietnamisation' and the 1973 Paris Peace Accords. | | | | 20 | In Matric Geography (Mapwork & GIS Calculations), how do you calculate Gradient, Vertical Exaggeration (VE), Magnetic Declination/Bearing, and Area on a 1:50 000 South African Topographical Map vs. a 1:10 000 Orthophoto Map? | Gradient = Vertical Interval (VI = difference in height in metres) ÷ Horizontal Equivalent (HE = map distance in cm × scale factor, e.g., ×500 m for 1:50 000 or ×100 m for 1:10 000). Vertical Exaggeration VE = Vertical Scale (e.g., 1:2 000) ÷ Horizontal Scale (1:50 000) = 25 times. Magnetic Bearing = True Bearing (measured clockwise from True North with a protractor) + updated Magnetic Declination (since magnetic declination in South Africa is West of True North, ADD when converting True to Magnetic, and add annual westerly change). | | | | 21 | In Matric Geography (Economic Geography of South Africa), classify economic activities into Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary sectors, and name South Africa's four core industrial regions. | Primary: extraction of raw materials (farming, mining, fishing, forestry—e.g., gold, platinum, coal, maize). Secondary: manufacturing and value-adding processing (steel, automotive, food processing). Tertiary: provision of services, trade, finance, transport. Quaternary: information technology, R&D, data consultancy. South Africa's 4 core industrial regions: 1. PWV / Gauteng (largest—mineral & market driven), 2. Durban-Pinetown (port & sugar/chemical/auto), 3. Southwestern Cape (port & fruit/wine/textiles), 4. Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage (Nelson Mandela Bay—automotive hub). | | | | 22 | In the SA K53 Learner's Licence Test (Controls Combinations), which numbered controls do you use together to: (a) turn a sharp corner, and (b) stop the vehicle? | (a) To turn a sharp corner (check mirrors, signal, slow down, gear down, steer): Controls 1, 2/11 (mirrors), 3 (clutch), 4 (steering), 5 (indicator), 6 (gear lever), 8 (footbrake), and 9 (accelerator). (b) To decrease speed or come to a complete stop: Controls 8 (footbrake) and 3 (clutch, pressed just before stopping so the engine does not stall), after checking Control 1 (mirrors). | | | | 23 | In Matric History Paper 2 (Internal Resistance in the 1980s), how did P.W. Botha's 'Total Strategy' (Tricameral Parliament of 1983 & WHAM) spark the formation of the UDF and COSATU? | Botha claimed South Africa faced a Soviet-backed 'Total Onslaught' and responded with 'Total Strategy'—combining military repression with cosmetic reforms like the 1983 Constitution, which created a Tricameral Parliament for Whites, Coloureds (House of Representatives), and Indians (House of Delegates) while completely excluding the Black African majority. In response, over 400 civic, church, student, and community organizations launched the non-racial United Democratic Front (UDF) at Mitchells Plain in August 1983, followed by the giant trade union federation COSATU in 1985 ('Rolling Mass Action'). | | | | 24 | In NSC Matric Geography (Climate & Weather), compare Mid-Latitude Cyclones (Temperate Depressions) and Tropical Cyclones affecting Southern Africa. | Mid-Latitude Cyclones: form between 30°–60° N/S at the Polar Front, move from WEST to EAST (driven by Westerlies), bring cold winter frontal rain to the Western Cape, have distinct Warm and Cold Fronts, and occur year-round (affecting SA mainly in winter). Tropical Cyclones: form over warm tropical oceans (≥26.5°C) between 5°–25° N/S (not at 0°–5° due to weak Coriolis force), move from EAST to WEST (driven by Tropical Easterlies), have a calm cloudless central 'Eye' surrounded by a violent cumulonimbus eyewall, are named alphabetically per season, occur in late summer/autumn in the Mozambique Channel, and dissipate over land due to friction and loss of moisture/latent heat. | | | | 25 | In Matric History Paper 2 (The Road to Democracy, 1990–1994), trace the major negotiation milestones and crises between F.W. de Klerk's February 2, 1990 speech and the April 27, 1994 election. | Feb 2, 1990: De Klerk unbanned the ANC, PAC, and SACP; Feb 11, 1990: Nelson Mandela released after 27 years. May 1990: Groote Schuur Minute; Aug 1990: Pretoria Minute (ANC suspended armed struggle). Dec 1991: CODESA 1 (19 parties). May 1992: CODESA 2 collapsed over majority rule percentages, followed by the Boipatong Massacre (June 1992) and Bisho Massacre (Sept 1992). Sept 26, 1992: Record of Understanding signed by Mandela and De Klerk, and Joe Slovo's 'Sunset Clauses' proposed a 5-year Government of National Unity (GNU) and job security for civil servants. April 10, 1993: Chris Hani assassinated by Janusz Waluś—Mandela's televised address averted civil war and set the election date for April 27, 1994. | | | | 26 | In Matric History (Angola as a Cold War Battleground, 1975–1988), who were the three rival Angolan liberation movements and their Cold War foreign backers, and why was the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale (1987–1988) a turning point? | MPLA (led by Agostinho Neto, Marxist—backed by the USSR and Cuban troops); FNLA (Holden Roberto—backed by USA/Zaire/China); UNITA (Jonas Savimbi—backed by the USA and Apartheid South Africa's SADF). The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale (1987–88) ended SADF air superiority, forcing a military stalemate that led to the December 1988 New York Accords, Cuban troop withdrawal from Angola, and the independence of Namibia (1990) under UN Resolution 435. | | | | 27 | In the SA K53 Learner's Licence Test (Freeway Rules), which vehicles and road users are strictly PROHIBITED from entering or using a South African Freeway? | Prohibited on a freeway: pedestrians, animal-drawn vehicles, pedal cycles (bicycles), motorcycles with an engine cylinder capacity of 50 cm³ (50 cc) or less (or electric motorcycles ≤ 4 kW), tractors (unless doing freeway maintenance), and learners driving without a licensed supervisor—and you may never make a U-turn, reverse, or use hand signals (except in an emergency) on a freeway. | | | | 28 | In the SA K53 Learner's Licence Test (Speed Limits & Following Distance), what are the general speed limits on South African roads (unless otherwise indicated by a sign), and what is the minimum safe following distance? | General speed limits for light motor vehicles: 60 km/h in urban (built-up) areas; 100 km/h on rural roads outside urban areas (non-freeways); and 120 km/h on national freeways (80 km/h for heavy vehicles >9,000 kg GVM and buses/minibuses). Minimum following distance: at least 2 seconds (the 2-second rule) behind the vehicle in front for light motor vehicles under normal dry conditions (3 seconds for heavy vehicles/motorcycles, and increased in wet/poor visibility). | | | | 29 | In Matric Geography, what are the South Atlantic Anticyclone (SAA), South Indian Anticyclone (SIA), and Kalahari High Pressure Cell, and how does the seasonal movement of the Moisture Front / Inversion Layer cause dry winters and wet summers over the South African interior? | In Winter: the Kalahari High descends strongly and the thermal inversion layer lies BELOW the escarpment, blocking warm moist air from the Indian Ocean (SIA) from reaching the interior plateau—resulting in clear, dry, frosty winters on the Highveld. In Summer: intense surface heating lifts the Kalahari High and raises the inversion layer ABOVE the escarpment, allowing warm moist northeast winds from the South Indian Anticyclone to flow onto the interior plateau, meeting cold dry southwest air from the South Atlantic Anticyclone along the Moisture Front (Trough Line) to form line thunderstorms. | | | | 30 | In the South Africa K53 Learner's Licence Exam, what are the 3 Licence Codes (Code 1, Code 2, Code 3) and the minimum pass mark required in each of the 3 test sections? | Code 1: Motorcycles; Code 2 (Code B/EB): Light Motor Vehicles (tare/GVM ≤ 3,500 kg); Code 3 (Code C1/C/EC): Heavy Motor Vehicles (GVM > 3,500 kg). The computerized/written test has 3 sections that must ALL be passed simultaneously: 1. Rules of the Road (28 questions, pass mark 22/28 ≈ 79%), 2. Road Traffic Signs, Signals & Markings (28 questions, pass mark 23/28 ≈ 82%), and 3. Controls of the Vehicle (8 questions, pass mark 6/8 = 75%). | | | | 31 | In Matric History (Cold War Crises), compare the Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948–1949), the building of the Berlin Wall (1961), and the Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962). | Berlin Blockade (1948–49): Stalin blocked all road, rail, and canal links to West Berlin after West Germany introduced the Deutschmark; Western Allies supplied West Berlin by air for 11 months and formed NATO (1949), followed by the Warsaw Pact (1955). Berlin Wall (Aug 1961): built by East Germany/USSR to stop the brain drain of 3+ million defectors to West Berlin. Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct 1962): after Castro's revolution and the failed US Bay of Pigs invasion (1961), Khrushchev placed nuclear missiles in Cuba; Kennedy imposed a naval 'quarantine' (blockade), ending in a compromise where the USSR removed missiles from Cuba in exchange for a US pledge not to invade Cuba and secret removal of US Jupiter missiles from Turkey. | | | | 32 | In the SA K53 Learner's Licence Test (Controls of a Light Motor Vehicle), match the standard numbered controls (1 to 11) in the K53 interior diagram to their functions. | 1 = Rear-view mirror (check traffic behind); 2 = Wipers (clean windscreen); 3 = Clutch pedal (left foot—disengage engine from gearbox to change gears); 4 = Steering wheel (change direction); 5 = Indicator lever (signal intention to turn/change lanes); 6 = Gear lever (select gear); 7 = Parking/Handbrake (keep stationary vehicle from rolling); 8 = Footbrake (middle pedal—slow down or stop); 9 = Accelerator/Throttle (right foot—increase/decrease speed); 10 = Hooter (warn other road users); 11 = Exterior side mirrors. | | | --- Study this deck interactively with FSRS-6 spaced repetition, audio review, and multiple-choice mode at [Flashcards World](https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/183cc126-af1e-4d66-a841-8765edefaf92/).