# Physiology (Tiếng Việt) — Trung cấp (B1/B2) 1: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Gastrointestinal & Renal Anatomy

> [Tiếng Việt] Physiology (Tiếng Việt): Anatomical architecture, blood supply, lymphatics, and visceral relationships of the thoracic, abdominal, and retroperitoneal organ systems.

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- **Markdown URL:** https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/2c8f4d84-b7da-4513-8074-5591c323517d.md
- **Level:** intermediate
- **Languages:** vi → vi
- **Total Cards:** 32

## Flashcards (32 Cards)

| # | Front (Term / Prompt) | Back (Definition / Answer) | Example | Multiple-Choice Options |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 1 | What are the three direct branches originating from the arch of the aorta in normal anatomy? | 1. Brachiocephalic trunk (which divides into right common carotid and right subclavian arteries); 2. Left common carotid artery; 3. Left subclavian artery. |  |  |
| 2 | What spinal nerve roots form the phrenic nerve, what is its muscular course in the neck, and what does it innervate? | Roots C3, C4, C5 ('C3-4-5 keeps the diaphragm alive'). Descends vertically across the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle beneath prevertebral fascia. Provides sole motor innervation to the diaphragm, and somatic sensory innervation to the central diaphragm, fibrous pericardium, and mediastinal pleura. |  |  |
| 3 | What are the three major apertures of the thoracic diaphragm, their vertebral levels, and the structures passing through each? | T8 (Caval opening): Inferior Vena Cava and terminal branches of right phrenic nerve. T10 (Esophageal hiatus): Esophagus, Anterior and Posterior Vagal trunks, and esophageal vessels. T12 (Aortic hiatus): Descending Abdominal Aorta, Thoracic Duct, and Azygos vein. (Mnemonic: 'I [IVC] 8 [T8] 10 [T10] Eggs [Esophagus] At [Aorta] 12 [T12]'). |  |  |
| 4 | What gross anatomical differences distinguish the right lung from the left lung? | Right lung: 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior), 2 fissures (horizontal and oblique), shorter and broader due to liver dome, larger volume. Left lung: 2 lobes (superior and inferior), 1 fissure (oblique), features the Cardiac Notch and Lingula (homolog of right middle lobe). |  |  |
| 5 | What gross anatomical differences distinguish the jejunum from the ileum? | Jejunum (proximal 2/5): thicker muscular wall, wider lumen, prominent mucosal circular folds (plicae circulares), longer vasa recta, and fewer arterial arcades with less mesenteric fat. Ileum (distal 3/5): thinner wall, shorter vasa recta, multiple complex arterial arcades, abundant fat extending to bowel wall, and prominent Peyer's patches (lymphoid aggregates). |  |  |
| 6 | How do the right and left mainstem (primary) bronchi differ in anatomical orientation, and why is this clinically relevant? | The right mainstem bronchus is wider, shorter (~2.5 cm vs 5 cm), and runs more vertically (20-30° vs 45° angle from trachea). Consequently, aspirated foreign bodies, secretions, and endotracheal tubes preferentially enter the right mainstem bronchus (specifically posterior segment of upper lobe or superior segment of lower lobe). |  |  |
| 7 | What anatomical course explains why the left renal vein is vulnerable to Nutcracker syndrome? | The left renal vein is longer than the right and must cross anterior to the abdominal aorta immediately below the acute takeoff of the Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA). Compression of the left renal vein between SMA and aorta causes Nutcracker syndrome: left flank pain, hematuria, and left gonadal/testicular varicocele. |  |  |
| 8 | What are the three anatomical sites of physiological ureteral narrowing where urolithiasis calculi most frequently impinge? | 1. Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ) where the renal pelvis narrows into the ureter; 2. Pelvic brim where the ureter crosses anterior to the external/common iliac vessels; 3. Ureterovesical Junction (UVJ) where the ureter enters the muscular bladder wall (narrowest point). |  |  |
| 9 | What structural basis underlies the Couinaud liver segmentation system? | Divides the liver into 8 functionally independent segments (I through VIII) based on internal vascular distribution: each segment has its own independent branch of the portal triad (portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct) and is drained by hepatic veins between segments, allowing segmentectomy without vascular compromise. |  |  |
| 10 | What are the anatomical boundaries and clinical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus? | Bounded anteriorly by the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, and posteriorly by the superior vena cava and left atrium. A surgical clamp or ligature placed through this sinus isolates the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk during cardiac bypass surgery. |  |  |
| 11 | What is the structural anatomy of the extrahepatic biliary tree from hepatic ducts to duodenum? | Right and Left Hepatic Ducts unite to form the Common Hepatic Duct, which joins the Cystic Duct (from gallbladder) to form the Common Bile Duct (CBD). The CBD descends in the hepatoduodenal ligament and joins the Main Pancreatic Duct (Wirsung) at the Ampulla of Vater (hepatopancreatic ampulla), emptying through the Major Duodenal Papilla regulated by the Sphincter of Oddi. |  |  |
| 12 | What major vascular territory is supplied by the Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA), and what are its primary named branches? | Supplies the Midgut (from ampulla of Vater in 2nd part of duodenum to proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon). Branches: Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, Jejunal and Ileal intestinal arteries, Ileocolic artery, Right colic artery, and Middle colic artery. |  |  |
| 13 | Where is McBurney's point located, and where do the taeniae coli converge on the cecum? | McBurney's point is located one-third of the distance along a line drawn from the Right Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) to the Umbilicus. All three taeniae coli converge at the base of the Vermiform Appendix on the posteromedial wall of the cecum, serving as a surgical guide. |  |  |
| 14 | What is the retroperitoneal path of the ureters, and what vascular structures do they cross ('water under the bridge')? | Ureters descend retroperitoneally along the anterior surface of the Psoas Major muscle, cross anterior to the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries, and enter the pelvis where they pass UNDER ('water under the bridge') the Uterine Artery in females and Vas (Ductus) Deferens in males before entering the posterolateral bladder wall. |  |  |
| 15 | What are the three primary branches of the celiac trunk, and what gastrointestinal embryologic region do they supply? | 1. Left Gastric Artery; 2. Splenic Artery; 3. Common Hepatic Artery. They supply the Foregut (from abdominal esophagus down to the second part of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla), as well as liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. |  |  |
| 16 | What three distinctive gross anatomical features differentiate the large intestine from the small intestine? | 1. Taeniae coli: three longitudinal smooth muscle bands (mesocolic, omental, free); 2. Haustra: sacculations produced by the puckering of taeniae coli; 3. Omental (epiploic) appendices: small, fat-filled peritoneal pouches along the serosal surface. |  |  |
| 17 | What muscles constitute the Levator Ani complex of the pelvic diaphragm, and what is its role in fecal continence? | Composed of three muscles: Puborectalis, Pubococcygeus, and Iliococcygeus (plus Coccygeus muscle posteriorly). The Puborectalis forms a muscular sling around the anorectal junction, creating the 80° anorectal angle that maintains fecal continence when contracted and straightens during defecation. |  |  |
| 18 | What anatomical criterion defines coronary artery dominance, and what vessel supplies the AV node in right-dominant circulation? | Coronary dominance is determined by which artery gives rise to the Posterior Descending Artery (PDA / posterior interventricular artery). In ~85% of individuals, the circulation is right-dominant (PDA arises from Right Coronary Artery [RCA], which also supplies the AV nodal artery at the crux of the heart). |  |  |
| 19 | What are the four anatomical regions of the pancreas, and what major vessels cross anterior to the uncinate process? | Head (with uncinate process nestled in C-loop of duodenum), Neck, Body, and Tail (contacts splenic hilum). The Superior Mesenteric Vein (SMV) and Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) cross anterior to the uncinate process and third part of duodenum. |  |  |
| 20 | What two major veins confluence behind the neck of the pancreas to form the Hepatic Portal Vein? | The Superior Mesenteric Vein (SMV) and Splenic Vein join to form the hepatic portal vein. (The Inferior Mesenteric Vein typically drains into the splenic vein prior to this confluence). |  |  |
| 21 | What are the gross anatomical zones of the kidney from exterior capsule to renal pelvis? | Fibrous capsule -> Renal cortex (contains renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules) -> Renal medulla (consisting of 8-18 renal pyramids separated by renal columns of Bertin) -> Renal papillae -> Minor calyces -> Major calyces -> Renal pelvis -> Ureter. |  |  |
| 22 | What defines a bronchopulmonary segment, and how many exist in each human lung? | A functionally and anatomically independent unit of lung tissue supplied by a single tertiary (segmental) bronchus and a tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery, separated by connective tissue septa containing pulmonary veins. There are 10 bronchopulmonary segments in the right lung and 8-10 in the left lung. |  |  |
| 23 | What are the sequential microscopic tubular segments of a single nephron? | Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) -> Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) -> Proximal Straight Tubule -> Descending Thin Limb of Henle -> Ascending Thin Limb -> Thick Ascending Limb (TAL, contains macula densa) -> Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) -> Connecting Tubule -> Cortical and Medullary Collecting Ducts. |  |  |
| 24 | Which abdominal organs are primarily or secondarily retroperitoneal according to the SAD PUCKER mnemonic? | S: Suprarenal (adrenal) glands; A: Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava; D: Duodenum (2nd, 3rd, 4th parts); P: Pancreas (head, neck, body; not tail); U: Ureters; C: Colon (ascending and descending); K: Kidneys; E: Esophagus (abdominal portion); R: Rectum (lower 2/3). |  |  |
| 25 | What are the four primary portosystemic venous anastomoses and their clinical manifestations during portal hypertension? | 1. Gastroesophageal: Left gastric vein (portal) <-> Azygos vein (systemic) -> Esophageal varices; 2. Anorectal: Superior rectal vein (portal) <-> Middle/inferior rectal veins (systemic) -> Rectal varices; 3. Paraumbilical: Paraumbilical veins (portal) <-> Superficial epigastric veins (systemic) -> Caput medusae; 4. Retroperitoneal: Colic veins (portal) <-> Retroperitoneal systemic veins (Retzius). |  |  |
| 26 | What are the three arterial sources supplying the adrenal (suprarenal) gland, and how does venous drainage differ between right and left glands? | Arterial supply: Superior suprarenal (from inferior phrenic artery), Middle suprarenal (from abdominal aorta), and Inferior suprarenal (from renal artery). Venous drainage is asymmetrical: Right suprarenal vein empties directly into the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC); Left suprarenal vein empties into the Left Renal Vein (along with left gonadal vein). |  |  |
| 27 | What is the origin, anatomical thoracic course, and venous drainage termination of the thoracic duct? | Originates from the Cisterna Chyli at L2, ascends through the aortic hiatus (T12) on the right side of the vertebral column between aorta and azygos vein, crosses to the left side at T4-T5, and terminates into the junction of the Left Internal Jugular and Left Subclavian veins ('left venous angle'). Drains lymph from entire body except right upper quadrant. |  |  |
| 28 | What are the anatomical boundaries of the Triangle of Calot (cystohepatic triangle), and what critical artery runs within it? | Inferior boundary: Cystic duct. Medial boundary: Common hepatic duct. Superior boundary: Inferior surface of the liver (Couinaud segment V). Content: Cystic Artery (branch of right hepatic artery) and Calot's lymph node (Mascagni's node). |  |  |
| 29 | What anatomical myocardium territories are supplied by the Left Anterior Descending (LAD) versus Left Circumflex (LCx) coronary arteries? | LAD (anterior interventricular): supplies anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum, anterior LV wall, and cardiac apex (leads V1-V4). LCx: supplies the lateral and posterior walls of the left ventricle (leads I, aVL, V5-V6). |  |  |
| 30 | What vascular collateral network connects the SMA and IMA systems, and where is the primary watershed ischemic area located? | The Marginal Artery of Drummond (continuous arterial arcade along inner colon border) and Arc of Riolan (meandering mesenteric artery). The primary watershed ischemic area is Griffith's Point at the Splenic Flexure (junction between SMA and IMA territories) and Sudeck's point at the rectosigmoid junction. |  |  |
| 31 | What is the structural conduction pathway of the heart from pacemaker initiation to ventricular activation? | Sinoatrial (SA) node (located at junction of superior vena cava and right atrium / crista terminalis) -> Internodal pathways -> Atrioventricular (AV) node (Koch's triangle in interatrial septum) -> Bundle of His -> Right and Left Bundle Branches -> Purkinje fibers in subendocardium. |  |  |
| 32 | What vascular territory is supplied by the Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA), and what are its three main branches? | Supplies the Hindgut (distal one-third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and upper rectum). Branches: Left colic artery, Sigmoid arteries (2 to 4 branches), and Superior rectal artery (terminal branch). |  |  |

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