# APUSH Periods 6–7 (1865–1945): Gilded Age, Progressive Era, Imperialism, Great Depression/New Deal & World Wars I–II > AP US History Periods 6–7 (1865–1945): Gilded Age industrialization, labor conflicts, and Populism; Progressive reforms and overseas imperialism; World War I and the 1920s; the Great Depression and New Deal; and World War II mobilization and diplomacy. - **Canonical URL:** https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/4a51dc1b-2e23-41aa-a14e-ca29e2f35c35/ - **Markdown URL:** https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/4a51dc1b-2e23-41aa-a14e-ca29e2f35c35.md - **Level:** intermediate - **Languages:** en → en - **Total Cards:** 32 ## Flashcards (32 Cards) | # | Front (Term / Prompt) | Back (Definition / Answer) | Example | Multiple-Choice Options | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | 1 | Contrast 'Vertical Integration' (Andrew Carnegie in steel) and 'Horizontal Integration' (John D. Rockefeller in Standard Oil) during the Gilded Age. | Vertical integration controlled every stage of the supply chain from raw materials (iron ore mines, coal, railroads) to finished steel mills; horizontal integration bought out or merged with competing oil refineries at the same production stage to establish a monopoly trust. | | | | 2 | How did Progressive political reforms (Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Direct Primary) and the four Progressive Amendments (16th, 17th, 18th, 19th) reshape American governance? | State-level reforms bypassed corrupt party bosses to return power to voters. The four Progressive Amendments established the federal graduated income tax (16th), direct popular election of U.S. Senators (17th), national Prohibition of alcohol (18th), and women's suffrage (19th). | | | | 3 | What were the core demands of the Populist (People's) Party in the Omaha Platform of 1892, and why was the Election of 1896 a major political realignment? | Omaha Platform: Free and unlimited coinage of silver at 16:1 ('free silver' to inflate crop prices), graduated income tax, government ownership of railroads/telegraphs, direct election of Senators, and 8-hour workday. In 1896, Democrat/Populist William Jennings Bryan ('Cross of Gold') lost to pro-gold-standard, pro-tariff Republican William McKinley, cementing urban-industrial Republican dominance. | | | | 4 | How did World War II mobilize the U.S. home front for women, African Americans, and Mexican Americans? | Government spending via the War Production Board ended the Great Depression; 6 million women ('Rosie the Riveter') entered heavy defense factories; A. Philip Randolph's threatened March on Washington forced FDR to issue Executive Order 8802 banning defense discrimination and creating the FEPC while Black Americans campaigned for the 'Double V' (victory over fascism abroad and Jim Crow at home); and the Bracero Program (1942) brought Mexican farmworkers to the Southwest. | | | | 5 | Why did the U.S. Senate reject the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations in 1919–1920? | 'Reservationists' led by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge objected to Article X of the League Covenant, fearing it would obligate the U.S. to defend foreign nations without Congressional declaration of war, while 'Irreconcilables' opposed any international entanglement and Wilson refused to compromise with Lodge. | | | | 6 | Who were the Progressive Era 'Muckrakers,' and what specific reforms resulted from Upton Sinclair's 'The Jungle,' Ida Tarbell's 'History of the Standard Oil Company,' and Jacob Riis's 'How the Other Half Lives'? | Investigative journalists who exposed corporate and urban abuses: Sinclair's exposé of Chicago meatpacking led directly to the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act (1906); Tarbell's work contributed to the breakup of Standard Oil (1911); Riis's photography spurred New York tenement housing codes. | | | | 7 | Contrast Herbert Hoover's response to the Great Depression with Franklin D. Roosevelt's 'Three R's' (Relief, Recovery, Reform) in the New Deal. | Hoover relied on 'rugged individualism' and voluntary business cooperation before belatedly creating the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) to lend to banks, and fatally ordered the eviction of the Bonus Army (1932). FDR used bold federal deficit spending and direct intervention to provide Relief for the unemployed, Recovery for agriculture and industry, and Reform of the financial system. | | | | 8 | Contrast the philosophies of Booker T. Washington (Atlanta Compromise, 1895) and W. E. B. Du Bois ('The Souls of Black Folk,' NAACP). | Washington urged Black Americans to temporarily accommodate segregation and focus on vocational training and economic self-help (Tuskegee Institute) to earn white respect; Du Bois rejected accommodation, demanding immediate political, civil, and voting rights led by a college-educated 'Talented Tenth.' | | | | 9 | How did the 'New Immigrants' arriving between 1890 and 1914 differ from earlier waves, and how did urban political machines like Tammany Hall interact with them? | New Immigrants came predominantly from Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Poland, Austria-Hungary) and were largely Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, or Jewish. Urban machines (like Boss Tweed's Tammany Hall) provided jobs, coal, and legal aid to immigrants in exchange for loyal votes, while Jane Addams's Hull House offered settlement-house social services. | | | | 10 | What key strategic decisions were made by the 'Big Three' (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) at the Teheran (1943) and Yalta (Feb 1945) Conferences, and why did President Truman authorize the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? | At Teheran, the Allies agreed to open a second western front in France (D-Day, June 1944); at Yalta, they agreed to divide postwar Germany into occupation zones, establish the United Nations, and bring the USSR into the war against Japan in exchange for free elections in Eastern Europe (which Stalin later broke). Truman ordered the Manhattan Project atomic bombs dropped in August 1945 to force Japan's unconditional surrender without a bloody mainland invasion. | | | | 11 | Contrast Theodore Roosevelt's 'Big Stick' Diplomacy (Roosevelt Corollary), William Howard Taft's 'Dollar Diplomacy,' and Woodrow Wilson's 'Moral Diplomacy.' | Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine asserted the U.S. right to act as an 'international police power' in Latin America (plus building the Panama Canal); Taft's Dollar Diplomacy promoted U.S. corporate and banking investment in Latin America and East Asia; Wilson's Moral Diplomacy pledged to support only democratic, constitutional governments. | | | | 12 | How did Gilded Age industrialists use 'Social Darwinism' and Andrew Carnegie's 'Gospel of Wealth' (1889) to justify extreme wealth inequality? | Social Darwinists (Herbert Spencer, William Graham Sumner) applied 'survival of the fittest' to laissez-faire capitalism to argue against government regulation or poor relief; Carnegie's 'Gospel of Wealth' argued that the rich had a moral obligation to act as trustees and fund public institutions (libraries, universities) rather than give direct charity. | | | | 13 | Why did the United States abandon neutrality to enter World War I in April 1917? | Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare (after the earlier 1915 sinking of the Lusitania and the Sussex Pledge), the interception of the Zimmermann Telegram proposing a German-Mexican military alliance, economic ties to the Allied powers, and Wilson's desire to 'make the world safe for democracy.' | | | | 14 | What did the Supreme Court decide in the Insular Cases (1901), and what was the Open Door Policy (1899) in China? | The Insular Cases ruled that the Constitution does not automatically follow the flag, meaning inhabitants of newly acquired overseas territories (like Puerto Rico and the Philippines) did not automatically enjoy full U.S. citizenship rights. Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Notes sought equal commercial trade access for all nations inside China's spheres of influence. | | | | 15 | What were the three C's of Theodore Roosevelt's 'Square Deal,' and how did Conservationists (Gifford Pinchot) differ from Preservationists (John Muir)? | Square Deal: Control of corporations (trust-busting Northern Securities and Elkins/Hepburn railroad acts), Consumer protection, and Conservation of natural resources. Pinchot and Roosevelt advocated regulated, sustainable commercial use of federal forests, whereas Muir (founder of the Sierra Club) sought to preserve wilderness untouched. | | | | 16 | What caused the First Red Scare (1919–1920), and how was it reflected in the Palmer Raids, the Sacco and Vanzetti trial, and the Immigration Acts of 1921 and 1924? | Triggered by the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, postwar labor strikes (1919), and anarchist mail bombs, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer deported hundreds of suspected radicals without due process. Nativism culminated in the execution of Italian anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti and the National Origins Act of 1924, which set strict 2% quotas based on the 1890 census to choke off Southern/Eastern European immigration and completely banned Asian immigration. | | | | 17 | How did federal Indian policy shift from the Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876) to the Dawes Severalty Act (1887) and Wounded Knee (1890)? | The Dawes Severalty Act (1887) sought forced cultural assimilation by breaking up communal tribal reservations into 160-acre individual family allotments, resulting in the loss of roughly two-thirds of tribal land before the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 reversed allotment; the 1890 massacre of Lakota Ghost Dancers at Wounded Knee marked the end of the armed Indian Wars. | | | | 18 | What divided the Republican Party in the 1912 four-way presidential election, and what were the key achievements of Woodrow Wilson's 'New Freedom'? | Theodore Roosevelt broke from incumbent Republican William Howard Taft to run on the Progressive ('Bull Moose') Party's 'New Nationalism' platform, allowing Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win. Wilson enacted the Underwood Tariff (lowering tariffs and instituting the income tax), the Federal Reserve Act (1913), and the Clayton Antitrust Act and FTC (1914). | | | | 19 | What underlying structural weaknesses in the 1920s economy caused the 1929 Stock Market Crash to spiral into the Great Depression? | 1. Chronic agricultural depression and industrial overproduction relative to stagnant worker wages; 2. Extreme maldistribution of wealth; 3. Excessive consumer debt and buying stock 'on margin'; 4. Unregulated bank failures and the Federal Reserve tightening credit; 5. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930), which triggered retaliatory tariffs and collapsed global trade. | | | | 20 | What cultural conflicts between 'Modernists' and 'Fundamentalists' defined the 1920s? | 1. The Scopes 'Monkey' Trial (1925, Clarence Darrow vs. William Jennings Bryan) pitted Darwinian evolution against biblical literalism; 2. Prohibition (Volstead Act) divided rural dry Protestants from urban wet immigrants and spawned bootlegging and organized crime; 3. A revived Ku Klux Klan targeted Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and Black Americans across the Midwest and South. | | | | 21 | Trace the evolution of U.S. foreign policy from the Neutrality Acts of 1935–1937 to 'Cash and Carry' (1939), the Destroyers-for-Bases Deal (1940), and the Lend-Lease Act (March 1941). | Initially isolated by the Nye Committee findings and Neutrality Acts banning arms sales and loans to belligerents, FDR gradually moved the U.S. to become the 'Arsenal of Democracy' after Nazi Germany invaded Poland and conquered France—first allowing Allies to buy arms on a Cash-and-Carry basis, then trading 50 destroyers for British bases, and finally lending unlimited war materiel to Britain and the USSR under Lend-Lease before Pearl Harbor (Dec 7, 1941). | | | | 22 | Match the major First New Deal (1933–1934) and Second New Deal (1935–1938) alphabet agencies to their core functions. | FDIC (Glass-Steagall): Insured bank deposits; SEC: Regulated the stock market; CCC & WPA: Public works employment; AAA: Paid farmers to reduce crop acreage; TVA: Public hydroelectric power and regional development in the Tennessee Valley; Wagner Act (NLRB): Guaranteed workers' right to unionize and bargain collectively; Social Security Act (1935): Old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and aid to dependent children. | | | | 23 | How did Henry Ford's assembly-line automobile, consumer credit, and mass media transform American culture in the 1920s? | Ford's moving assembly line made the Model T affordable to ordinary workers, stimulating steel, rubber, glass, and suburban road construction; installment buying fueled a consumer culture of radios and electrical appliances, while radio networks and Hollywood movies created a homogenized national mass culture. | | | | 24 | Compare the membership, goals, and fates of the Knights of Labor (Terence Powderly) and the American Federation of Labor (Samuel Gompers). | The Knights of Labor welcomed all workers (skilled and unskilled, women, and Black workers) to replace wage labor with worker cooperatives, but collapsed after the Haymarket Square bombing (1886). The AFL organized only skilled craft unions to bargain for 'bread-and-butter' gains (higher wages, 8-hour workday, safer conditions). | | | | 25 | How did World War I transform the U.S. home front through the Great Migration, wartime agencies, and civil liberties restrictions? | The War Industries Board (Bernard Baruch) and Committee on Public Information (George Creel) mobilized industry and propaganda; hundreds of thousands of African Americans moved from the rural Jim Crow South to Northern industrial cities in the Great Migration; and the Espionage and Sedition Acts (upheld in Schenck v. United States, 1919) criminalized anti-war dissent. | | | | 26 | What factors drove U.S. overseas imperialism in the 1890s, and what were the territorial results of the Spanish-American War (1898)? | Driven by the closing of the western frontier (Turner's Frontier Thesis), desire for overseas markets, Alfred Thayer Mahan's 'The Influence of Sea Power upon History,' and Yellow Journalism/the USS Maine explosion, the U.S. acquired the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam (and annexed Hawaii), while imposing the Platt Amendment on Cuba. | | | | 27 | How did the New Deal reshape American party politics (the 'New Deal Coalition') and labor unions (the CIO)? | FDR forged a dominant Democratic coalition uniting white Southern Democrats, Northern urban machines, labor unions, ethnic minorities, intellectuals, and African Americans (who shifted from the Party of Lincoln to the Democrats). Meanwhile, John L. Lewis formed the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) to organize unskilled and semi-skilled industrial workers across auto and steel industries using sit-down strikes. | | | | 28 | What did Henry Grady mean by the 'New South,' and to what extent was that vision realized in the late 19th century? | Grady promoted an industrialized, diversified Southern economy integrated with Northern capital (textile mills, Birmingham steel, tobacco); however, most of the South remained rural, impoverished, dependent on sharecropped cotton, and entrenched in Jim Crow segregation and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). | | | | 29 | What was the significance of the Homestead Strike (1892) and the Pullman Strike (1894)? | At Carnegie's Homestead steel plant, Pinkerton guards and state militia crushed the union; in the Pullman Strike led by Eugene V. Debs, President Grover Cleveland used a federal court injunction (under the Sherman Antitrust Act) and U.S. Army troops to break the strike on the grounds that it obstructed the U.S. mail. | | | | 30 | Who were the main critics of the New Deal from the Left and Right, and why did FDR's 1937 'Court-Packing Plan' fail? | From the Left, Senator Huey Long ('Share Our Wealth'), Father Charles Coughlin, and Dr. Francis Townsend argued the New Deal did too little for the poor and elderly; from the Right, the American Liberty League denounced it as 'socialist.' After the Supreme Court struck down the NRA (Schechter) and AAA (Butler), FDR proposed adding up to 6 new justices; bipartisan backlash killed the bill as an assault on separation of powers, though the Court subsequently upheld the Wagner and Social Security Acts. | | | | 31 | What was the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, and how did Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) contribute to Black nationalism? | Centered in Harlem, New York, following the Great Migration, the Harlem Renaissance was an outpouring of African American literature (Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston), jazz (Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong), and pride in the 'New Negro.' Marcus Garvey preached Black separatism, economic self-reliance, and Pan-Africanism. | | | | 32 | What was Executive Order 9066 (1942), and how did the Supreme Court rule on it in Korematsu v. United States (1944)? | Executive Order 9066 authorized the forced removal and incarceration of over 110,000 Japanese Americans (two-thirds of whom were U.S. citizens) in West Coast and interior camps. In Korematsu (1944), the Supreme Court upheld the exclusion order as a wartime necessity (a ruling later addressed by a formal U.S. apology and reparations in the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 and repudiated by the Court in 2018). | | | --- Study this deck interactively with FSRS-6 spaced repetition, audio review, and multiple-choice mode at [Flashcards World](https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/4a51dc1b-2e23-41aa-a14e-ca29e2f35c35/).