# Philosophy (Svenska) — Medelnivå (B1/B2) 2: Epistemology, Modern Philosophy & Normative Ethics > [Svenska] Philosophy (Svenska): Epistemological theories (rationalism vs empiricism), Humean skepticism, Kant's transcendental critique, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics - **Canonical URL:** https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/4e28b362-e0cc-44c4-9d42-53f9d5fc0477/ - **Markdown URL:** https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/4e28b362-e0cc-44c4-9d42-53f9d5fc0477.md - **Level:** intermediate - **Languages:** sv → sv - **Total Cards:** 32 ## Flashcards (32 Cards) | # | Front (Term / Prompt) | Back (Definition / Answer) | Example | Multiple-Choice Options | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | 1 | Contrast Act Utilitarianism with Rule Utilitarianism. | Act Utilitarianism evaluates the net utility of each individual specific action in context; Rule Utilitarianism evaluates actions by whether they adhere to general moral rules that maximize overall utility if universally followed. | | | | 2 | Distinguish between Kant's Phenomena and Noumena (Ding an sich). | Phenomena are appearances of objects as filtered and structured through human sensory intuition and categories; Noumena are things-in-themselves as they exist independently of human perception, forever unknowable. | | | | 3 | What are Kant's Pure Forms of Sensible Intuition? | Space (outer sense) and Time (inner sense); they are not mind-independent physical realities, but subjective a priori frameworks through which the human mind organizes sensory inputs. | | | | 4 | How did David Hume analyze the concept of Causation? | We never directly observe an inherent, necessary connection between events; we observe only spatial contiguity, temporal priority, and constant conjunction, generating a psychological habit of expectation. | | | | 5 | What was Immanuel Kant's 'Copernican Revolution' in epistemology? | Instead of assuming human knowledge must passively conform to independent objects, Kant argued that objects of experience conform to the a priori cognitive structures and categories of the human mind. | | | | 6 | Distinguish Moral Realism from Moral Anti-Realism. | Moral Realism claims there are objective moral facts that exist independently of human beliefs and attitudes; Moral Anti-Realism denies the existence of mind-independent moral truths (holding morality to be subjective, constructed, or non-cognitive). | | | | 7 | What was René Descartes' purpose in deploying Methodological Doubt (Cartesian Skepticism)? | To systematically doubt all beliefs that admit the slightest uncertainty—including sensory perception and mathematics—in order to discover an indubitable, rock-solid bedrock foundation for scientific knowledge. | | | | 8 | What is Descartes' first indubitable truth, and how is it expressed? | 'Cogito, ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am'); even if an omnipotent evil demon deceives him, the very act of doubting or thinking guarantees the existence of a thinking thing (res cogitans). | | | | 9 | Distinguish between Kant's Hypothetical Imperatives and Categorical Imperative. | Hypothetical Imperatives command conditionally based on subjective desires ('If you want X, do Y'); the Categorical Imperative commands unconditionally with universal moral necessity regardless of desires ('Do Y'). | | | | 10 | Explain John Locke's distinction between Primary Qualities and Secondary Qualities. | Primary qualities are inseparable from the physical object itself (shape, extension, motion, solidity); secondary qualities are powers in the object to produce subjective sensations in the perceiver (color, taste, smell, sound). | | | | 11 | What is Hume's Is-Ought Problem (Hume's Guillotine)? | One cannot logically deduce a normative ethical conclusion ('ought' / 'should') strictly from purely descriptive empirical factual premises ('is'). | | | | 12 | What is Hume's Fork? | All objects of human inquiry are bifurcated into Relations of Ideas (a priori, analytic, logically certain, e.g., geometry) and Matters of Fact (a posteriori, synthetic, contingent upon experience). | | | | 13 | What is the classical Tripartite Definition of Knowledge in epistemology? | Knowledge is Justified True Belief (JTB): a subject S knows proposition P if and only if P is true, S believes P, and S is epistemically justified in believing P. | | | | 14 | Why is the Good Will foundational in Immanuel Kant's Deontological Ethics? | Because it is the only thing that can be conceived of as good without qualification; virtues, talents, and favorable outcomes are morally neutral or corrupt without a good will that acts purely from duty. | | | | 15 | How did Kant define Analytic versus Synthetic propositions? | Analytic: the predicate is contained within the concept of the subject (true by definition, e.g., 'all bachelors are unmarried'); Synthetic: the predicate adds new information not contained in the subject concept. | | | | 16 | Explain George Berkeley's Subjective Idealism encapsulated in 'Esse est percipi'. | 'To be is to be perceived'; material substances do not exist independently of minds—physical objects are collections of sensory ideas perceived by finite minds and sustained continuously by God. | | | | 17 | Describe Cartesian Substance Dualism. | Reality consists of two fundamentally distinct, independent metaphysical substances: Res Cogitans (unextended, thinking, immaterial mind) and Res Extensa (extended, spatial, physical matter). | | | | 18 | What is David Hume's Problem of Induction? | Inductive generalizations (e.g., 'the sun will rise tomorrow') rely on the Uniformity of Nature, which cannot be proven deductively (it is not a contradiction to imagine nature changing) nor inductively (which is circular reasoning). | | | | 19 | State the Formula of Universal Law of Kant's Categorical Imperative. | 'Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law of nature.' | | | | 20 | What are Kant's Synthetic A Priori judgments, and why are they crucial? | Propositions that yield informative knowledge about reality (synthetic) yet are known with universal necessity prior to experience (a priori); e.g., '7 + 5 = 12' and 'every event has a cause'. | | | | 21 | What is the Principle of Utility in Jeremy Bentham's Classical Utilitarianism? | Actions are morally right if they tend to promote the greatest total amount of happiness (pleasure) and wrong if they tend to produce pain or diminish pleasure for the greatest number. | | | | 22 | State John Stuart Mill's Harm Principle from On Liberty. | The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community against his will is to prevent harm to others; his own good, physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. | | | | 23 | What is the foundational disagreement between Epistemological Rationalism and Empiricism? | Rationalists argue that substantial knowledge of reality can be gained through pure intellect, a priori intuition, and innate ideas; Empiricists assert that all knowledge originates strictly in sensory experience (a posteriori). | | | | 24 | What is David Hume's Copy Principle regarding impressions and ideas? | All human ideas are faint copies of prior, more vivid sensory or emotional impressions; any concept that cannot be traced back to an original impression is epistemically meaningless. | | | | 25 | What is Baruch Spinoza's doctrine of Substance Monism (Deus sive Natura)? | There is only one infinite, eternal, necessarily existing substance—God or Nature—of which thought and extension are merely two of infinite attributes, and individual minds and physical bodies are finite modes. | | | | 26 | What is J. L. Mackie's Error Theory in meta-ethics? | The cognitivist anti-realist view that moral statements make objective truth claims, but because objective moral values do not exist in the universe, all positive moral assertions are systematically false. | | | | 27 | What did John Locke mean by describing the human mind at birth as a 'Tabula Rasa'? | A blank slate void of all innate ideas, upon which all concepts, principles, and knowledge are inscribed exclusively through sensory experience and internal reflection. | | | | 28 | What is the Gettier Problem in epistemology? | Edmund Gettier's counterexamples demonstrating that Justified True Belief is insufficient for knowledge, because a belief can be justified and happen to be true purely by epistemic luck or false lemmas. | | | | 29 | Explain David Hume's Bundle Theory of the Self. | Upon introspecting, we never perceive a permanent, underlying unified soul or metaphysical self; we observe only a rapidly changing bundle of fleeting perceptions, thoughts, and sensations. | | | | 30 | What is the core principle of Consequentialism in normative ethics? | The moral rightness or wrongness of an action is determined solely by the overall value of its consequences or outcomes rather than any intrinsic quality of the action itself. | | | | 31 | How did John Stuart Mill revise Bentham's quantitative utilitarianism? | By introducing qualitative distinctions in pleasures: intellectual, artistic, and moral pleasures (higher pleasures) are intrinsically superior in kind to mere bodily sensory pleasures (lower pleasures). | | | | 32 | State the Formula of Humanity (End-in-Itself) of Kant's Categorical Imperative. | 'Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end.' | | | --- Study this deck interactively with FSRS-6 spaced repetition, audio review, and multiple-choice mode at [Flashcards World](https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/4e28b362-e0cc-44c4-9d42-53f9d5fc0477/).