# LSAT Technical Passage Keywords > Essential technical and scientific terminology commonly found in LSAT passages, organized by subject area - **Canonical URL:** https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/5ad473af-9532-402d-a634-64a70d59d26a/ - **Markdown URL:** https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/5ad473af-9532-402d-a634-64a70d59d26a.md - **Level:** intermediate - **Languages:** en → en - **Total Cards:** 47 ## Flashcards (47 Cards) | # | Front (Term / Prompt) | Back (Definition / Answer) | Example | Multiple-Choice Options | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | 1 | What does 'alternative hypothesis' refer to? | The alternative hypothesis is a statement that indicates the presence of an effect or a difference, opposing the null hypothesis. | | | | 2 | Define 'qualitative research'. | Qualitative research focuses on understanding concepts, thoughts, or experiences through non-numerical data. | | | | 3 | Explain 'random sampling'. | Random sampling is a technique where each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected for a study. | | | | 4 | What is 'action research'? | Action research is a participatory study that aims to solve a problem while simultaneously contributing to knowledge. | | | | 5 | Explain 'sampling bias'. | Sampling bias occurs when the sample is not representative of the population, leading to skewed results. | | | | 6 | What does 'external validity' refer to? | External validity is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other settings, populations, or times. | | | | 7 | What does 'saturation' mean in qualitative research? | Saturation is the point in data collection when no new information or themes are emerging, indicating that enough data has been gathered. | | | | 8 | Explain 'triangulation' in research. | Triangulation is the use of multiple methods or data sources in research to enhance the credibility and validity of the results. | | | | 9 | Define 'variable' in research. | A variable is any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types in an experiment. | | | | 10 | What does 'hypothesis' refer to in a scientific context? | A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon, which can be tested through experimentation. | | | | 11 | What does 'p-value' indicate? | The p-value indicates the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the observed results, assuming the null hypothesis is true. | | | | 12 | What is the purpose of a 'control group'? | A control group is used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do, ensuring that the results are due to the variable being tested. | | | | 13 | Explain 'replication' in research. | Replication is the process of repeating a study to see if the original findings can be consistently reproduced. | | | | 14 | Explain the term 'theory' in science. | A theory is a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that is based on a body of evidence. | | | | 15 | What is 'type II error'? | A type II error occurs when a false null hypothesis is not rejected, also known as a false negative. | | | | 16 | What does 'generalizability' mean? | Generalizability refers to the extent to which findings from a study can be applied to settings, people, or times beyond the study's sample. | | | | 17 | What does 'peer review' entail? | Peer review is the process by which a scholarly work is evaluated by experts in the same field before publication. | | | | 18 | What does 'validity' refer to in research? | Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. | | | | 19 | What is 'longitudinal study'? | A longitudinal study observes the same subjects over a long period to detect changes and developments. | | | | 20 | Define 'null hypothesis'. | The null hypothesis is a statement that there is no effect or no difference, serving as a starting point for statistical testing. | | | | 21 | What does 'ethnography' involve? | Ethnography is a qualitative research method focused on studying cultures and communities through direct observation and participation. | | | | 22 | What is an 'anecdotal evidence'? | Anecdotal evidence is based on personal accounts or stories rather than scientific data, often considered less reliable. | | | | 23 | What is 'causation'? | Causation indicates that one event is the result of the occurrence of another event; it implies a direct cause-and-effect relationship. | | | | 24 | Define 'cross-sectional study'. | A cross-sectional study analyzes data from a population at a specific point in time, providing a snapshot of the situation. | | | | 25 | What is 'falsifiability'? | Falsifiability is the principle that a hypothesis must be able to be proven false to be considered scientific. | | | | 26 | Define 'internal validity'. | Internal validity refers to the degree to which a study accurately establishes a causal relationship between variables. | | | | 27 | Define 'narrative research'. | Narrative research involves collecting and analyzing the stories of individuals to understand their experiences and perspectives. | | | | 28 | What is 'quantitative research'? | Quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data to identify patterns and test hypotheses. | | | | 29 | What does 'operational definition' mean? | An operational definition specifies the procedures used to measure a variable, ensuring clarity and reproducibility. | | | | 30 | Explain the term 'correlation'. | Correlation refers to a statistical relationship between two variables, indicating how one may change in relation to the other. | | | | 31 | Define 'statistical significance'. | Statistical significance indicates that the results observed in a study are unlikely to have occurred by chance, often measured by a p-value. | | | | 32 | Define 'theoretical framework'. | A theoretical framework is a structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study, guiding the research process. | | | | 33 | What is 'statistical power'? | Statistical power is the probability that a test will correctly reject a false null hypothesis, indicating the test's sensitivity. | | | | 34 | What does 'bias' mean in research? | Bias refers to a systematic error that leads to an incorrect conclusion or interpretation of data. | | | | 35 | Define 'confidence interval'. | A confidence interval is a range of values that is likely to contain the population parameter with a specified level of confidence. | | | | 36 | Explain 'type I error'. | A type I error occurs when a true null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected, also known as a false positive. | | | | 37 | What is 'grounded theory'? | Grounded theory is a research method that generates theory from data systematically gathered and analyzed. | | | | 38 | Define 'reliability' in the context of research. | Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure; a reliable test yields the same results under consistent conditions. | | | | 39 | Explain 'phenomenology' in research. | Phenomenology is a qualitative research approach that seeks to understand and describe the lived experiences of individuals. | | | | 40 | What is 'operationalization'? | Operationalization is the process of defining a fuzzy concept into measurable variables. | | | | 41 | Explain 'confounding variable'. | A confounding variable is an outside influence that can affect the outcome of an experiment, potentially leading to erroneous conclusions. | | | | 42 | What is a 'case study'? | A case study is an in-depth analysis of a particular individual, group, or event to explore complex issues in real-life contexts. | | | | 43 | What does 'sample size' mean? | Sample size refers to the number of subjects or observations used in a study, which affects the reliability of the results. | | | | 44 | What is 'meta-analysis'? | Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that combines the results of multiple studies to identify overall trends. | | | | 45 | Explain 'independent variable'. | An independent variable is the factor that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to observe its effects. | | | | 46 | What is 'effect size'? | Effect size is a quantitative measure of the magnitude of a phenomenon, indicating the strength of a relationship or the size of an effect. | | | | 47 | What does 'dependent variable' mean? | A dependent variable is the factor that is measured in an experiment, which is affected by changes in the independent variable. | | | --- Study this deck interactively with FSRS-6 spaced repetition, audio review, and multiple-choice mode at [Flashcards World](https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/5ad473af-9532-402d-a634-64a70d59d26a/).