# RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness: NCERT Physics Laws, Chemistry Everyday Compounds, Human Biology/Vitamins/Diseases & Networking/DBMS

> High-yield NCERT Class 9–10 General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology) and Computer Awareness flashcards for RRB NTPC, RRB ALP, RRB Group D, SSC CGL Tier-II, and IBPS PO.

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- **Level:** intermediate
- **Languages:** en → en
- **Total Cards:** 32

## Flashcards (32 Cards)

| # | Front (Term / Prompt) | Back (Definition / Answer) | Example | Multiple-Choice Options |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 1 | In Sound Waves, what is the audible frequency range, how does the speed of sound vary across media and temperature, and what is the minimum distance for a distinct Echo? | Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave (cannot travel in vacuum). Audible range: 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (20 kHz); Infrasonic < 20 Hz (earthquakes, elephants, whales); Ultrasonic > 20 kHz (bats, dolphins, SONAR, echocardiography). Speed of sound: Solids (max in Aluminum/Steel) > Liquids > Gases (~343 m/s in air at 20°C; increases with temperature and humidity, independent of pressure). Minimum distance for a distinct echo (persistence of hearing = 0.1 s): d = (v * 0.1) / 2 ≈ 17.2 meters. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Across a Period (Left to Right): Atomic Radius DECREASES, Metallic Character DECREASES, while Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity, and Electronegativity INCREASE (Fluorine has highest electronegativity,…; B) Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave (cannot travel in vacuum). Audible range: 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (20 kHz); Infrasonic < 20 Hz (earthquakes, elephants, whales); Ultrasonic > 20 kHz (bats, dolphins, SONAR, echocardiography). Speed of sound: Solids (max in Aluminum/Steel) > Liquids > Gases (~343 m/s in air at 20°C; increases with temperature and humidity, independent of pressure). Minimum distance for a distinct echo (persistence of hearing = 0.1 s): d = (v * 0.1) / 2 ≈ 17.2 meters. ✓; C) 1st Generation (1940–1956): Vacuum Tubes (ENIAC, UNIVAC; machine/assembly language); 2nd Generation (1956–1963): Transistors (invented at Bell Labs; FORTRAN, COBOL); 3rd Generation (1964–1971): Integrated…; D) 7 Base Units: Length (metre, m), Mass (kilogram, kg), Time (second, s), Electric Current (ampere, A), Thermodynamic Temperature (kelvin, K), Amount of Substance (mole, mol), Luminous Intensity (candela, cd). |
| 2 | What are Archimedes' Principle, Pascal's Law, Bernoulli's Theorem, and Surface Tension/Capillarity in Fluid Mechanics? | Archimedes' Principle: Upward buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced (used in lactometers & hydrometers). Pascal's Law: Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished (hydraulic brakes/lifts). Bernoulli's Theorem: P + (1/2)*rho*v^2 + rho*g*h = constant (conservation of energy; explains dynamic lift of airplane wings and blowing off of roofs in storms). Surface Tension causes raindrops to be spherical; Capillarity causes oil to rise in a lamp wick and water in plant xylem. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Ohm's Law: V = I * R, where R = rho * (L / A).; B) Archimedes' Principle: Upward buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced (used in lactometers & hydrometers). Pascal's Law: Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished (hydraulic brakes/lifts). Bernoulli's Theorem: P + (1/2)*rho*v^2 + rho*g*h = constant (conservation of energy; explains dynamic lift of airplane wings and blowing off of roofs in storms). Surface Tension causes raindrops to be spherical; Capillarity causes oil to rise in a lamp wick and water in plant xylem. ✓; C) Cell: Robert Hooke (1665, dead cork cells), Leeuwenhoek (1674, living cell), Schleiden & Schwann (Cell Theory).; D) IPv4 is a 32-bit address written in dotted decimal notation (4 octets, e.g., 192.168.1.1): Class A (1 to 126), Class B (128 to 191), Class C (192 to 223), Class D (224 to 239 - Multicasting), Class E (240… |
| 3 | In Computer Awareness, what are the 5 Generations of Computers and their core hardware technologies? | 1st Generation (1940–1956): Vacuum Tubes (ENIAC, UNIVAC; machine/assembly language); 2nd Generation (1956–1963): Transistors (invented at Bell Labs; FORTRAN, COBOL); 3rd Generation (1964–1971): Integrated Circuits (ICs invented by Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce); 4th Generation (1971–Present): VLSI Microprocessors (Intel 4004 first microprocessor by Ted Hoff); 5th Generation (Present & Beyond): ULSI, Artificial Intelligence, and Quantum Computing. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) 1st Generation (1940–1956): Vacuum Tubes (ENIAC, UNIVAC; machine/assembly language); 2nd Generation (1956–1963): Transistors (invented at Bell Labs; FORTRAN, COBOL); 3rd Generation (1964–1971): Integrated Circuits (ICs invented by Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce); 4th Generation (1971–Present): VLSI Microprocessors (Intel 4004 first microprocessor by Ted Hoff); 5th Generation (Present & Beyond): ULSI, Artificial Intelligence, and Quantum Computing. ✓; B) DDL (Data Definition - schema): CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, RENAME; DML (Data Manipulation): INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE; DQL (Query): SELECT; DCL (Control): GRANT, REVOKE; TCL (Transaction): COMMIT,…; C) Archimedes' Principle: Upward buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced (used in lactometers & hydrometers).; D) Brass = Copper (Cu) + Zinc (Zn); Bronze = Copper (Cu) + Tin (Sn); Solder = Lead (Pb) + Tin (Sn); German Silver = Cu + Zn + Nickel (Ni) (contains 0% Silver!); Stainless Steel = Iron (Fe) + Chromium (Cr) +… |
| 4 | In Cell Biology, what are the functions and discoverers of the Cell, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Golgi Apparatus, and Plastids? | Cell: Robert Hooke (1665, dead cork cells), Leeuwenhoek (1674, living cell), Schleiden & Schwann (Cell Theory). Nucleus: Robert Brown (1831). Mitochondria ('Powerhouse of the cell' - ATP synthesis via Krebs cycle) & Chloroplast ('Kitchen of the plant cell'): Both are semi-autonomous organelles containing their own circular DNA and 70S ribosomes. Ribosomes ('Protein factories' - Palade):Only non-membrane-bound organelle in both prokaryotes (70S) and eukaryotes (80S). Lysosomes ('Suicidal bags' - Christian de Duve): Contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Bacterial: Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis - BCG vaccine), Typhoid (Salmonella typhi - Widal test), Cholera (Vibrio cholerae), Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis (DPT), Leprosy (Hansen's disease), Plague.; B) MS Word: Ctrl+H (Replace), Ctrl+K (Insert Hyperlink), Ctrl+J (Justify alignment), Ctrl+M (Increase indent), F7 (Spell Check), Shift+F7 (Thesaurus), Ctrl+Enter (Page Break), F12 (Save As).; C) Myopia (Near-sightedness - image forms in front of retina due to elongated eyeball or excessive curvature): Corrected by a Concave (diverging) lens of negative power.; D) Cell: Robert Hooke (1665, dead cork cells), Leeuwenhoek (1674, living cell), Schleiden & Schwann (Cell Theory). Nucleus: Robert Brown (1831). Mitochondria ('Powerhouse of the cell' - ATP synthesis via Krebs cycle) & Chloroplast ('Kitchen of the plant cell'): Both are semi-autonomous organelles containing their own circular DNA and 70S ribosomes. Ribosomes ('Protein factories' - Palade):Only non-membrane-bound organelle in both prokaryotes (70S) and eukaryotes (80S). Lysosomes ('Suicidal bags' - Christian de Duve): Contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes. ✓ |
| 5 | What are the compositions of LPG, CNG, Biogas, Water Gas, and Producer Gas, and why does LPG smell? | LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas): Primarily Propane (C3H8) and Butane (C4H10), mixed with Ethyl Mercaptan (C2H5SH) as a foul-smelling odorant to detect leaks. CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) & Biogas (Gobar Gas): Primarily Methane (CH4, ~75–90%). Water Gas (Syngas): Carbon Monoxide (CO) + Hydrogen (H2). Producer Gas: Carbon Monoxide (CO) + Nitrogen (N2). | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Pituitary ('Master Gland' at base of brain): Growth Hormone (dwarfism/acromegaly), ADH/Vasopressin (deficiency causes Diabetes Insipidus), Oxytocin; Thyroid (largest endocrine gland): Thyroxine (requires…; B) LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas): Primarily Propane (C3H8) and Butane (C4H10), mixed with Ethyl Mercaptan (C2H5SH) as a foul-smelling odorant to detect leaks. CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) & Biogas (Gobar Gas): Primarily Methane (CH4, ~75–90%). Water Gas (Syngas): Carbon Monoxide (CO) + Hydrogen (H2). Producer Gas: Carbon Monoxide (CO) + Nitrogen (N2). ✓; C) Virus attaches to a host file and requires human action to execute/spread; Worm is standalone malware that self-replicates automatically across networks exploiting vulnerabilities without a host file;…; D) Rayleigh Scattering (Intensity propto 1 / lambda^4): Shorter wavelengths (violet/blue) scatter much more than longer wavelengths (red), making the sky appear blue (in space with no atmosphere, the sky… |
| 6 | In Electricity & Magnetism, what are Ohm's Law, Joule's Law of Heating, Series vs Parallel resistance, and the alloys used in Fuse Wire and Heating Elements? | Ohm's Law: V = I * R, where R = rho * (L / A). Series: R_eq = R1 + R2; Parallel: 1/R_eq = 1/R1 + 1/R2 (domestic household wiring is in Parallel at 220V, 50Hz AC). Joule's Heating: H = I^2 * R * t. Electric Fuse Wire is made of an alloy of Lead (Pb) and Tin (Sn) having HIGH resistivity and LOW melting point; Heating elements (heaters/irons) use Nichrome (Ni + Cr + Mn + Fe) and bulb filaments use Tungsten (W, melting point ~3,422°C). | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Ohm's Law: V = I * R, where R = rho * (L / A). Series: R_eq = R1 + R2; Parallel: 1/R_eq = 1/R1 + 1/R2 (domestic household wiring is in Parallel at 220V, 50Hz AC). Joule's Heating: H = I^2 * R * t. Electric Fuse Wire is made of an alloy of Lead (Pb) and Tin (Sn) having HIGH resistivity and LOW melting point; Heating elements (heaters/irons) use Nichrome (Ni + Cr + Mn + Fe) and bulb filaments use Tungsten (W, melting point ~3,422°C). ✓; B) Brass = Copper (Cu) + Zinc (Zn); Bronze = Copper (Cu) + Tin (Sn); Solder = Lead (Pb) + Tin (Sn); German Silver = Cu + Zn + Nickel (Ni) (contains 0% Silver!); Stainless Steel = Iron (Fe) + Chromium (Cr) +…; C) Bacterial: Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis - BCG vaccine), Typhoid (Salmonella typhi - Widal test), Cholera (Vibrio cholerae), Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis (DPT), Leprosy (Hansen's disease), Plague.; D) Charles Babbage: Father of the Computer (Difference Engine & Analytical Engine); Lady Ada Lovelace: World's First Computer Programmer; Alan Turing: Father of Modern Computer Science & AI (Turing Machine);… |
| 7 | What are the key properties and exceptions of Metals and Non-Metals in the Periodic Table? | Liquid Metal at room temperature = Mercury (Hg); Liquid Non-metal at room temperature = Bromine (Br); Metals that melt on the palm = Gallium (Ga) and Caesium (Cs); Softest metals cut with a knife = Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) (stored in kerosene oil due to violent reaction with air/water); Best conductor of heat & electricity = Silver (Ag) followed by Copper (Cu); Non-metal that conducts electricity = Graphite (allotrope of Carbon with sp2 hybridization; Diamond is sp3 and hardest natural substance); Lustrous non-metal = Iodine (I). | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals unidirectionally upward from roots to leaves (driven by transpiration pull); Phloem transports food (sucrose/amino acids) bidirectionally (translocation).; B) FTP (File Transfer): 20 (Data) & 21 (Control); SSH (Secure Shell): 22; Telnet (unencrypted remote login): 23; SMTP (Sending email): 25; DNS (Domain Name to IP resolution): 53; DHCP (Dynamic IP…; C) Archimedes' Principle: Upward buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced (used in lactometers & hydrometers).; D) Liquid Metal at room temperature = Mercury (Hg); Liquid Non-metal at room temperature = Bromine (Br); Metals that melt on the palm = Gallium (Ga) and Caesium (Cs); Softest metals cut with a knife = Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) (stored in kerosene oil due to violent reaction with air/water); Best conductor of heat & electricity = Silver (Ag) followed by Copper (Cu); Non-metal that conducts electricity = Graphite (allotrope of Carbon with sp2 hybridization; Diamond is sp3 and hardest natural substance); Lustrous non-metal = Iodine (I). ✓ |
| 8 | In Human Physiology, how does Blood Circulation work, what are the ABO/Rh Blood Groups (Landsteiner), and what is the normal Blood Pressure and pH? | Human heart is 4-chambered with Double Circulation; the Sinoatrial (SA) Node in the right atrium is the 'Natural Pacemaker'. Pulmonary Artery is the only artery carrying deoxygenated blood; Pulmonary Vein is the only vein carrying oxygenated blood. ABO Blood Groups (Karl Landsteiner): O-negative (O-) is the Universal Donor (no antigens on RBCs); AB-positive (AB+) is the Universal Recipient (no antibodies in plasma). Normal BP = 120/80 mmHg (Systolic/Diastolic, measured by Sphygmomanometer). | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Layer 1 Physical (Bits - Hub, Repeater, Cables); Layer 2 Data Link (Frames - Switch, Bridge, MAC address, Ethernet, ARP); Layer 3 Network (Packets - Router, IPv4/IPv6, ICMP, IPsec); Layer 4 Transport…; B) 7 Base Units: Length (metre, m), Mass (kilogram, kg), Time (second, s), Electric Current (ampere, A), Thermodynamic Temperature (kelvin, K), Amount of Substance (mole, mol), Luminous Intensity (candela, cd).; C) Baking Soda: Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate / Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3 - antacid, baking powder with tartaric acid, soda-acid fire extinguisher); Washing Soda: Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate (Na2CO3·10H2O -…; D) Human heart is 4-chambered with Double Circulation; the Sinoatrial (SA) Node in the right atrium is the 'Natural Pacemaker'. Pulmonary Artery is the only artery carrying deoxygenated blood; Pulmonary Vein is the only vein carrying oxygenated blood. ABO Blood Groups (Karl Landsteiner): O-negative (O-) is the Universal Donor (no antigens on RBCs); AB-positive (AB+) is the Universal Recipient (no antibodies in plasma). Normal BP = 120/80 mmHg (Systolic/Diastolic, measured by Sphygmomanometer). ✓ |
| 9 | What are the compositions of major Alloys (Brass, Bronze, Solder, German Silver, Stainless Steel, Duralumin, and Amalgam) and key Metal Ores? | Brass = Copper (Cu) + Zinc (Zn); Bronze = Copper (Cu) + Tin (Sn); Solder = Lead (Pb) + Tin (Sn); German Silver = Cu + Zn + Nickel (Ni) (contains 0% Silver!); Stainless Steel = Iron (Fe) + Chromium (Cr) + Nickel (Ni) + Carbon (C); Duralumin (aircraft bodies) = Aluminum (Al) + Cu + Mg + Mn; Amalgam = Mercury (Hg) + another metal. Key Ores: Aluminum = Bauxite (Al2O3·2H2O); Iron = Haematite (Fe2O3), Magnetite (Fe3O4); Mercury = Cinnabar (HgS); Lead = Galena (PbS); Uranium = Pitchblende. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Fat-Soluble (A, D, E, K): Vit A (Retinol) -> Night Blindness (Nyctalopia) & Xerophthalmia; Vit D (Calciferol - Sunshine vitamin) -> Rickets (children) & Osteomalacia (adults); Vit E (Tocopherol) ->…; B) Brass = Copper (Cu) + Zinc (Zn); Bronze = Copper (Cu) + Tin (Sn); Solder = Lead (Pb) + Tin (Sn); German Silver = Cu + Zn + Nickel (Ni) (contains 0% Silver!); Stainless Steel = Iron (Fe) + Chromium (Cr) + Nickel (Ni) + Carbon (C); Duralumin (aircraft bodies) = Aluminum (Al) + Cu + Mg + Mn; Amalgam = Mercury (Hg) + another metal. Key Ores: Aluminum = Bauxite (Al2O3·2H2O); Iron = Haematite (Fe2O3), Magnetite (Fe3O4); Mercury = Cinnabar (HgS); Lead = Galena (PbS); Uranium = Pitchblende. ✓; C) IPv4 is a 32-bit address written in dotted decimal notation (4 octets, e.g., 192.168.1.1): Class A (1 to 126), Class B (128 to 191), Class C (192 to 223), Class D (224 to 239 - Multicasting), Class E (240…; D) Concave Mirror (Converging): Forms real & inverted images for all object positions EXCEPT when the object is between Pole (P) and Focus (F), where it forms a virtual, erect, and magnified image. |
| 10 | What are the Chemical Names and Deficiency Diseases of Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, K) and Water-Soluble Vitamins (B-Complex & C)? | Fat-Soluble (A, D, E, K): Vit A (Retinol) -> Night Blindness (Nyctalopia) & Xerophthalmia; Vit D (Calciferol - Sunshine vitamin) -> Rickets (children) & Osteomalacia (adults); Vit E (Tocopherol) -> Sterility/hemolysis; Vit K (Phylloquinone) -> Impaired blood clotting. Water-Soluble (B & C): Vit B1 (Thiamine) -> Beriberi; Vit B2 (Riboflavin) -> Cheilosis; Vit B3 (Niacin) -> Pellagra; Vit B7 (Biotin); Vit B9 (Folic Acid) & Vit B12 (Cyanocobalamin - contains Cobalt) -> Megaloblastic/Pernicious Anemia; Vit C (Ascorbic Acid) -> Scurvy (bleeding gums). | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) RAM is volatile: SRAM (Static RAM) uses flip-flops/transistors, does not need refreshing, is faster/expensive, and is used as Cache Memory; DRAM (Dynamic RAM) uses capacitors, requires periodic refreshing…; B) Charles Babbage: Father of the Computer (Difference Engine & Analytical Engine); Lady Ada Lovelace: World's First Computer Programmer; Alan Turing: Father of Modern Computer Science & AI (Turing Machine);…; C) Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave (cannot travel in vacuum).; D) Fat-Soluble (A, D, E, K): Vit A (Retinol) -> Night Blindness (Nyctalopia) & Xerophthalmia; Vit D (Calciferol - Sunshine vitamin) -> Rickets (children) & Osteomalacia (adults); Vit E (Tocopherol) -> Sterility/hemolysis; Vit K (Phylloquinone) -> Impaired blood clotting. Water-Soluble (B & C): Vit B1 (Thiamine) -> Beriberi; Vit B2 (Riboflavin) -> Cheilosis; Vit B3 (Niacin) -> Pellagra; Vit B7 (Biotin); Vit B9 (Folic Acid) & Vit B12 (Cyanocobalamin - contains Cobalt) -> Megaloblastic/Pernicious Anemia; Vit C (Ascorbic Acid) -> Scurvy (bleeding gums). ✓ |
| 11 | In the 7-Layer OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model, what are the layers from Layer 1 to Layer 7, their data units (PDUs), protocols, and hardware devices? | Layer 1 Physical (Bits - Hub, Repeater, Cables); Layer 2 Data Link (Frames - Switch, Bridge, MAC address, Ethernet, ARP); Layer 3 Network (Packets - Router, IPv4/IPv6, ICMP, IPsec); Layer 4 Transport (Segments/Datagrams - TCP, UDP, Port numbers); Layer 5 Session (Dialog control, NetBIOS); Layer 6 Presentation (Translation, Encryption SSL/TLS, Compression, JPEG/ASCII); Layer 7 Application (HTTP/HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, POP3/IMAP, DNS, Telnet, SSH, DHCP). | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Layer 1 Physical (Bits - Hub, Repeater, Cables); Layer 2 Data Link (Frames - Switch, Bridge, MAC address, Ethernet, ARP); Layer 3 Network (Packets - Router, IPv4/IPv6, ICMP, IPsec); Layer 4 Transport (Segments/Datagrams - TCP, UDP, Port numbers); Layer 5 Session (Dialog control, NetBIOS); Layer 6 Presentation (Translation, Encryption SSL/TLS, Compression, JPEG/ASCII); Layer 7 Application (HTTP/HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, POP3/IMAP, DNS, Telnet, SSH, DHCP). ✓; B) MS Word: Ctrl+H (Replace), Ctrl+K (Insert Hyperlink), Ctrl+J (Justify alignment), Ctrl+M (Increase indent), F7 (Spell Check), Shift+F7 (Thesaurus), Ctrl+Enter (Page Break), F12 (Save As).; C) Mirror Formula: 1/v + 1/u = 1/f; Lens Formula: 1/v - 1/u = 1/f; Power of Lens P = 1 / f(in meters) measured in Dioptres (D) (Convex lens has +ve f and +ve D; Concave lens has -ve f and -ve D).; D) LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas): Primarily Propane (C3H8) and Butane (C4H10), mixed with Ethyl Mercaptan (C2H5SH) as a foul-smelling odorant to detect leaks. |
| 12 | Compare IPv4 and IPv6 addressing, including IPv4 Classes (A, B, C, D, E), Loopback address, and MAC Address length. | IPv4 is a 32-bit address written in dotted decimal notation (4 octets, e.g., 192.168.1.1): Class A (1 to 126), Class B (128 to 191), Class C (192 to 223), Class D (224 to 239 - Multicasting), Class E (240 to 255 - Research); 127.0.0.1 is the Loopback address for local host testing. IPv6 is a 128-bit address written in 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits separated by colons. A MAC (Media Access Control) physical address is 48 bits (6 bytes) written in 12 hexadecimal digits. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Charles Babbage: Father of the Computer (Difference Engine & Analytical Engine); Lady Ada Lovelace: World's First Computer Programmer; Alan Turing: Father of Modern Computer Science & AI (Turing Machine);…; B) Myopia (Near-sightedness - image forms in front of retina due to elongated eyeball or excessive curvature): Corrected by a Concave (diverging) lens of negative power.; C) IPv4 is a 32-bit address written in dotted decimal notation (4 octets, e.g., 192.168.1.1): Class A (1 to 126), Class B (128 to 191), Class C (192 to 223), Class D (224 to 239 - Multicasting), Class E (240 to 255 - Research); 127.0.0.1 is the Loopback address for local host testing. IPv6 is a 128-bit address written in 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits separated by colons. A MAC (Media Access Control) physical address is 48 bits (6 bytes) written in 12 hexadecimal digits. ✓; D) Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals unidirectionally upward from roots to leaves (driven by transpiration pull); Phloem transports food (sucrose/amino acids) bidirectionally (translocation). |
| 13 | In Optics, what are the image formation rules and uses of Concave Mirrors vs Convex Mirrors? | Concave Mirror (Converging): Forms real & inverted images for all object positions EXCEPT when the object is between Pole (P) and Focus (F), where it forms a virtual, erect, and magnified image. Uses: Shaving/makeup mirrors, dentist mirrors, solar furnaces, and vehicle headlights/torches. Convex Mirror (Diverging): ALWAYS forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image between P and F, providing a wider field of view. Uses: Rear-view (wing) mirrors in vehicles and ATM security mirrors. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave (cannot travel in vacuum).; B) Concave Mirror (Converging): Forms real & inverted images for all object positions EXCEPT when the object is between Pole (P) and Focus (F), where it forms a virtual, erect, and magnified image. Uses: Shaving/makeup mirrors, dentist mirrors, solar furnaces, and vehicle headlights/torches. Convex Mirror (Diverging): ALWAYS forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image between P and F, providing a wider field of view. Uses: Rear-view (wing) mirrors in vehicles and ATM security mirrors. ✓; C) Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals unidirectionally upward from roots to leaves (driven by transpiration pull); Phloem transports food (sucrose/amino acids) bidirectionally (translocation).; D) DDL (Data Definition - schema): CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, RENAME; DML (Data Manipulation): INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE; DQL (Query): SELECT; DCL (Control): GRANT, REVOKE; TCL (Transaction): COMMIT,… |
| 14 | In Modern Periodic Table (Henry Moseley, 1913, based on Atomic Number Z), how do Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, Electronegativity, and Metallic Character vary across a Period and down a Group? | Across a Period (Left to Right): Atomic Radius DECREASES, Metallic Character DECREASES, while Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity, and Electronegativity INCREASE (Fluorine has highest electronegativity, Chlorine has highest electron affinity). Down a Group (Top to Bottom): Atomic Radius and Metallic Character INCREASE, while Ionization Energy and Electronegativity DECREASE. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Human heart is 4-chambered with Double Circulation; the Sinoatrial (SA) Node in the right atrium is the 'Natural Pacemaker'.; B) Across a Period (Left to Right): Atomic Radius DECREASES, Metallic Character DECREASES, while Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity, and Electronegativity INCREASE (Fluorine has highest electronegativity, Chlorine has highest electron affinity). Down a Group (Top to Bottom): Atomic Radius and Metallic Character INCREASE, while Ionization Energy and Electronegativity DECREASE. ✓; C) DDL (Data Definition - schema): CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, RENAME; DML (Data Manipulation): INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE; DQL (Query): SELECT; DCL (Control): GRANT, REVOKE; TCL (Transaction): COMMIT,…; D) Mirror Formula: 1/v + 1/u = 1/f; Lens Formula: 1/v - 1/u = 1/f; Power of Lens P = 1 / f(in meters) measured in Dioptres (D) (Convex lens has +ve f and +ve D; Concave lens has -ve f and -ve D). |
| 15 | What are the common Human Eye Defects (Myopia, Hypermetropia, Presbyopia, Astigmatism) and their corrective lenses? | Myopia (Near-sightedness - image forms in front of retina due to elongated eyeball or excessive curvature): Corrected by a Concave (diverging) lens of negative power. Hypermetropia (Far-sightedness - image forms behind retina; Near point for normal eye is 25 cm): Corrected by a Convex (converging) lens of positive power. Presbyopia (aging loss of ciliary muscle accommodation): Corrected by Bifocal lenses (upper concave, lower convex). Astigmatism: Corrected by Cylindrical lenses. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Liquid Metal at room temperature = Mercury (Hg); Liquid Non-metal at room temperature = Bromine (Br); Metals that melt on the palm = Gallium (Ga) and Caesium (Cs); Softest metals cut with a knife = Sodium…; B) Pituitary ('Master Gland' at base of brain): Growth Hormone (dwarfism/acromegaly), ADH/Vasopressin (deficiency causes Diabetes Insipidus), Oxytocin; Thyroid (largest endocrine gland): Thyroxine (requires…; C) Myopia (Near-sightedness - image forms in front of retina due to elongated eyeball or excessive curvature): Corrected by a Concave (diverging) lens of negative power. Hypermetropia (Far-sightedness - image forms behind retina; Near point for normal eye is 25 cm): Corrected by a Convex (converging) lens of positive power. Presbyopia (aging loss of ciliary muscle accommodation): Corrected by Bifocal lenses (upper concave, lower convex). Astigmatism: Corrected by Cylindrical lenses. ✓; D) Assembler translates Assembly language to Machine code; Compiler translates the entire high-level program (C, C++) into object/machine code at once before execution; Interpreter translates and executes… |
| 16 | In Cybersecurity, how do Virus, Worm, Trojan Horse, Ransomware, Spyware, Phishing, Spoofing, and DDoS attacks differ? | Virus attaches to a host file and requires human action to execute/spread; Worm is standalone malware that self-replicates automatically across networks exploiting vulnerabilities without a host file; Trojan Horse disguises itself as legitimate software to create a backdoor (does not self-replicate); Ransomware encrypts victim files and demands payment; Spyware/Keylogger secretly monitors user keystrokes; Phishing uses fraudulent emails/websites to steal credentials. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) 1st Law (Law of Inertia - Galileo): Defines force; passengers fall forward when a bus stops suddenly due to inertia of motion.; B) Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave (cannot travel in vacuum).; C) Human heart is 4-chambered with Double Circulation; the Sinoatrial (SA) Node in the right atrium is the 'Natural Pacemaker'.; D) Virus attaches to a host file and requires human action to execute/spread; Worm is standalone malware that self-replicates automatically across networks exploiting vulnerabilities without a host file; Trojan Horse disguises itself as legitimate software to create a backdoor (does not self-replicate); Ransomware encrypts victim files and demands payment; Spyware/Keylogger secretly monitors user keystrokes; Phishing uses fraudulent emails/websites to steal credentials. ✓ |
| 17 | In DBMS and SQL, what are the 5 sub-languages (DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, DQL), ACID properties, and keys (Primary, Candidate, Foreign)? | DDL (Data Definition - schema): CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, RENAME; DML (Data Manipulation): INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE; DQL (Query): SELECT; DCL (Control): GRANT, REVOKE; TCL (Transaction): COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT. ACID properties of transactions: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability. Primary Key uniquely identifies each tuple and CANNOT be NULL; Foreign Key references the Primary Key of another table to enforce Referential Integrity (can be NULL). | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) DDL (Data Definition - schema): CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, RENAME; DML (Data Manipulation): INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE; DQL (Query): SELECT; DCL (Control): GRANT, REVOKE; TCL (Transaction): COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT. ACID properties of transactions: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability. Primary Key uniquely identifies each tuple and CANNOT be NULL; Foreign Key references the Primary Key of another table to enforce Referential Integrity (can be NULL). ✓; B) 7 Base Units: Length (metre, m), Mass (kilogram, kg), Time (second, s), Electric Current (ampere, A), Thermodynamic Temperature (kelvin, K), Amount of Substance (mole, mol), Luminous Intensity (candela, cd).; C) Ohm's Law: V = I * R, where R = rho * (L / A).; D) Fat-Soluble (A, D, E, K): Vit A (Retinol) -> Night Blindness (Nyctalopia) & Xerophthalmia; Vit D (Calciferol - Sunshine vitamin) -> Rickets (children) & Osteomalacia (adults); Vit E (Tocopherol) ->… |
| 18 | In Gravitation, how does acceleration due to gravity g = GM/R^2 vary with altitude, depth, latitude, and Earth's rotation, and what is Escape Velocity? | g is maximum at the Poles and minimum at the Equator (due to Earth's equatorial bulge R_eq > R_pole and centrifugal effect of rotation); g decreases with both altitude h and depth d, becoming ZERO at the center of the Earth. Escape Velocity from Earth's surface: v_e = sqrt(2gR) = sqrt(2) * v_orbital ≈ 11.2 km/s (independent of the mass of the projected body). | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Myopia (Near-sightedness - image forms in front of retina due to elongated eyeball or excessive curvature): Corrected by a Concave (diverging) lens of negative power.; B) LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas): Primarily Propane (C3H8) and Butane (C4H10), mixed with Ethyl Mercaptan (C2H5SH) as a foul-smelling odorant to detect leaks.; C) g is maximum at the Poles and minimum at the Equator (due to Earth's equatorial bulge R_eq > R_pole and centrifugal effect of rotation); g decreases with both altitude h and depth d, becoming ZERO at the center of the Earth. Escape Velocity from Earth's surface: v_e = sqrt(2gR) = sqrt(2) * v_orbital ≈ 11.2 km/s (independent of the mass of the projected body). ✓; D) FTP (File Transfer): 20 (Data) & 21 (Control); SSH (Secure Shell): 22; Telnet (unencrypted remote login): 23; SMTP (Sending email): 25; DNS (Domain Name to IP resolution): 53; DHCP (Dynamic IP… |
| 19 | How do Newton's Three Laws of Motion explain Inertia, Impulse, and Conservation of Linear Momentum? | 1st Law (Law of Inertia - Galileo): Defines force; passengers fall forward when a bus stops suddenly due to inertia of motion. 2nd Law: F = dp/dt = ma; Impulse J = F * dt = Change in Momentum (why a cricketer pulls hands back while catching a ball to increase time dt and reduce force F). 3rd Law (Action-Reaction): Rocket propulsion, recoil of a gun (m1*v1 + m2*v2 = 0 by Conservation of Linear Momentum). | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Rayleigh Scattering (Intensity propto 1 / lambda^4): Shorter wavelengths (violet/blue) scatter much more than longer wavelengths (red), making the sky appear blue (in space with no atmosphere, the sky…; B) Across a Period (Left to Right): Atomic Radius DECREASES, Metallic Character DECREASES, while Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity, and Electronegativity INCREASE (Fluorine has highest electronegativity,…; C) Layer 1 Physical (Bits - Hub, Repeater, Cables); Layer 2 Data Link (Frames - Switch, Bridge, MAC address, Ethernet, ARP); Layer 3 Network (Packets - Router, IPv4/IPv6, ICMP, IPsec); Layer 4 Transport…; D) 1st Law (Law of Inertia - Galileo): Defines force; passengers fall forward when a bus stops suddenly due to inertia of motion. 2nd Law: F = dp/dt = ma; Impulse J = F * dt = Change in Momentum (why a cricketer pulls hands back while catching a ball to increase time dt and reduce force F). 3rd Law (Action-Reaction): Rocket propulsion, recoil of a gun (m1*v1 + m2*v2 = 0 by Conservation of Linear Momentum). ✓ |
| 20 | Categorize major Human Diseases by their causative pathogens (Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, and Fungi) and their vectors. | Bacterial: Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis - BCG vaccine), Typhoid (Salmonella typhi - Widal test), Cholera (Vibrio cholerae), Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis (DPT), Leprosy (Hansen's disease), Plague. Viral: AIDS (HIV - retrovirus attacking CD4 T-lymphocytes, ELISA test), Dengue (Female Aedes aegypti mosquito), Rabies (Hydrophobia), Polio, Measles, Hepatitis, Chickenpox, Smallpox (first vaccine by Edward Jenner), Influenza. Protozoan: Malaria (Plasmodium via Female Anopheles mosquito; treated with Quinine from Cinchona bark), Kala-azar (Leishmania donovani via Sandfly), Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosoma via Tsetse fly). | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Bacterial: Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis - BCG vaccine), Typhoid (Salmonella typhi - Widal test), Cholera (Vibrio cholerae), Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis (DPT), Leprosy (Hansen's disease), Plague. Viral: AIDS (HIV - retrovirus attacking CD4 T-lymphocytes, ELISA test), Dengue (Female Aedes aegypti mosquito), Rabies (Hydrophobia), Polio, Measles, Hepatitis, Chickenpox, Smallpox (first vaccine by Edward Jenner), Influenza. Protozoan: Malaria (Plasmodium via Female Anopheles mosquito; treated with Quinine from Cinchona bark), Kala-azar (Leishmania donovani via Sandfly), Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosoma via Tsetse fly). ✓; B) IPv4 is a 32-bit address written in dotted decimal notation (4 octets, e.g., 192.168.1.1): Class A (1 to 126), Class B (128 to 191), Class C (192 to 223), Class D (224 to 239 - Multicasting), Class E (240…; C) g is maximum at the Poles and minimum at the Equator (due to Earth's equatorial bulge R_eq > R_pole and centrifugal effect of rotation); g decreases with both altitude h and depth d, becoming ZERO at the…; D) Liquid Metal at room temperature = Mercury (Hg); Liquid Non-metal at room temperature = Bromine (Br); Metals that melt on the palm = Gallium (Ga) and Caesium (Cs); Softest metals cut with a knife = Sodium… |
| 21 | What are the differences between Compiler, Interpreter, and Assembler, and between Open-Source and Proprietary Operating Systems? | Assembler translates Assembly language to Machine code; Compiler translates the entire high-level program (C, C++) into object/machine code at once before execution; Interpreter translates and executes high-level code line-by-line (Python, JavaScript). Linux, Android, and Ubuntu are open-source OS kernels/distributions, whereas Windows and macOS/iOS are proprietary. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Archimedes' Principle: Upward buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced (used in lactometers & hydrometers).; B) Assembler translates Assembly language to Machine code; Compiler translates the entire high-level program (C, C++) into object/machine code at once before execution; Interpreter translates and executes high-level code line-by-line (Python, JavaScript). Linux, Android, and Ubuntu are open-source OS kernels/distributions, whereas Windows and macOS/iOS are proprietary. ✓; C) Vinegar = Acetic acid (Ethanoic acid); Ant/Nettle sting = Methanoic (Formic) acid; Citrus fruits (lemon/orange) = Citric acid; Tamarind & Grapes = Tartaric acid; Tomato & Spinach = Oxalic acid; Curd/Sour…; D) Bacterial: Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis - BCG vaccine), Typhoid (Salmonella typhi - Widal test), Cholera (Vibrio cholerae), Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis (DPT), Leprosy (Hansen's disease), Plague. |
| 22 | Match the Chemical Names, Formulas, and Uses of Common Everyday Compounds: Baking Soda, Washing Soda, Bleaching Powder, Plaster of Paris, Gypsum, Caustic Soda, and Slaked Lime. | Baking Soda: Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate / Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3 - antacid, baking powder with tartaric acid, soda-acid fire extinguisher); Washing Soda: Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate (Na2CO3·10H2O - removes permanent hardness of water); Bleaching Powder: Calcium Oxychloride (CaOCl2 - produced by passing Cl2 over dry slaked lime Ca(OH)2); Plaster of Paris (PoP): Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate (CaSO4·1/2 H2O, obtained by heating Gypsum CaSO4·2H2O at 373 K / 100°C); Quicklime: CaO; Slaked Lime: Ca(OH)2; Caustic Soda: NaOH; Milk of Magnesia: Mg(OH)2 (antacid). | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas): Primarily Propane (C3H8) and Butane (C4H10), mixed with Ethyl Mercaptan (C2H5SH) as a foul-smelling odorant to detect leaks.; B) Baking Soda: Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate / Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3 - antacid, baking powder with tartaric acid, soda-acid fire extinguisher); Washing Soda: Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate (Na2CO3·10H2O - removes permanent hardness of water); Bleaching Powder: Calcium Oxychloride (CaOCl2 - produced by passing Cl2 over dry slaked lime Ca(OH)2); Plaster of Paris (PoP): Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate (CaSO4·1/2 H2O, obtained by heating Gypsum CaSO4·2H2O at 373 K / 100°C); Quicklime: CaO; Slaked Lime: Ca(OH)2; Caustic Soda: NaOH; Milk of Magnesia: Mg(OH)2 (antacid). ✓; C) RAM is volatile: SRAM (Static RAM) uses flip-flops/transistors, does not need refreshing, is faster/expensive, and is used as Cache Memory; DRAM (Dynamic RAM) uses capacitors, requires periodic refreshing…; D) 1st Law (Law of Inertia - Galileo): Defines force; passengers fall forward when a bus stops suddenly due to inertia of motion. |
| 23 | What are the default Port Numbers and functions of HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SSH, Telnet, SMTP, DNS, DHCP, POP3, and IMAP? | FTP (File Transfer): 20 (Data) & 21 (Control); SSH (Secure Shell): 22; Telnet (unencrypted remote login): 23; SMTP (Sending email): 25; DNS (Domain Name to IP resolution): 53; DHCP (Dynamic IP assignment): 67 (Server) / 68 (Client); HTTP: 80; POP3 (Receiving/downloading email): 110; IMAP (Accessing email on server): 143; HTTPS (Secure HTTP): 443. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Assembler translates Assembly language to Machine code; Compiler translates the entire high-level program (C, C++) into object/machine code at once before execution; Interpreter translates and executes…; B) Rayleigh Scattering (Intensity propto 1 / lambda^4): Shorter wavelengths (violet/blue) scatter much more than longer wavelengths (red), making the sky appear blue (in space with no atmosphere, the sky…; C) Cell: Robert Hooke (1665, dead cork cells), Leeuwenhoek (1674, living cell), Schleiden & Schwann (Cell Theory).; D) FTP (File Transfer): 20 (Data) & 21 (Control); SSH (Secure Shell): 22; Telnet (unencrypted remote login): 23; SMTP (Sending email): 25; DNS (Domain Name to IP resolution): 53; DHCP (Dynamic IP assignment): 67 (Server) / 68 (Client); HTTP: 80; POP3 (Receiving/downloading email): 110; IMAP (Accessing email on server): 143; HTTPS (Secure HTTP): 443. ✓ |
| 24 | In Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint (MS Office), what are the most frequently tested Keyboard Shortcuts and Excel Formulas in SSC/RRB/IBPS exams? | MS Word: Ctrl+H (Replace), Ctrl+K (Insert Hyperlink), Ctrl+J (Justify alignment), Ctrl+M (Increase indent), F7 (Spell Check), Shift+F7 (Thesaurus), Ctrl+Enter (Page Break), F12 (Save As). MS Excel: All formulas start with '='; '$' creates an Absolute Cell Reference (e.g., $A$1 toggled by F4); Shift+F11 inserts a new worksheet; Ctrl+; enters current date; Ctrl+Shift+: enters current time. MS PowerPoint: F5 starts slide show from beginning; Shift+F5 starts from current slide; Ctrl+M inserts a new slide (Ctrl+N opens a new presentation). | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) g is maximum at the Poles and minimum at the Equator (due to Earth's equatorial bulge R_eq > R_pole and centrifugal effect of rotation); g decreases with both altitude h and depth d, becoming ZERO at the…; B) Baking Soda: Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate / Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3 - antacid, baking powder with tartaric acid, soda-acid fire extinguisher); Washing Soda: Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate (Na2CO3·10H2O -…; C) MS Word: Ctrl+H (Replace), Ctrl+K (Insert Hyperlink), Ctrl+J (Justify alignment), Ctrl+M (Increase indent), F7 (Spell Check), Shift+F7 (Thesaurus), Ctrl+Enter (Page Break), F12 (Save As). MS Excel: All formulas start with '='; '$' creates an Absolute Cell Reference (e.g., $A$1 toggled by F4); Shift+F11 inserts a new worksheet; Ctrl+; enters current date; Ctrl+Shift+: enters current time. MS PowerPoint: F5 starts slide show from beginning; Shift+F5 starts from current slide; Ctrl+M inserts a new slide (Ctrl+N opens a new presentation). ✓; D) Pituitary ('Master Gland' at base of brain): Growth Hormone (dwarfism/acromegaly), ADH/Vasopressin (deficiency causes Diabetes Insipidus), Oxytocin; Thyroid (largest endocrine gland): Thyroxine (requires… |
| 25 | What are the seven Fundamental SI Units and key derived units of Force, Work/Energy, Power, Pressure, Frequency, Electric Charge, and Magnetic Flux? | 7 Base Units: Length (metre, m), Mass (kilogram, kg), Time (second, s), Electric Current (ampere, A), Thermodynamic Temperature (kelvin, K), Amount of Substance (mole, mol), Luminous Intensity (candela, cd). Derived: Force = Newton (kg·m/s^2 = 10^5 dyne); Work/Energy = Joule (N·m = 10^7 erg); Power = Watt (J/s; 1 HP = 746 W); Pressure = Pascal (N/m^2); Frequency = Hertz (s^-1); Charge = Coulomb (A·s); Magnetic Flux = Weber (Wb); Magnetic Field = Tesla (Wb/m^2 = 10^4 Gauss). | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) 7 Base Units: Length (metre, m), Mass (kilogram, kg), Time (second, s), Electric Current (ampere, A), Thermodynamic Temperature (kelvin, K), Amount of Substance (mole, mol), Luminous Intensity (candela, cd). Derived: Force = Newton (kg·m/s^2 = 10^5 dyne); Work/Energy = Joule (N·m = 10^7 erg); Power = Watt (J/s; 1 HP = 746 W); Pressure = Pascal (N/m^2); Frequency = Hertz (s^-1); Charge = Coulomb (A·s); Magnetic Flux = Weber (Wb); Magnetic Field = Tesla (Wb/m^2 = 10^4 Gauss). ✓; B) Mirror Formula: 1/v + 1/u = 1/f; Lens Formula: 1/v - 1/u = 1/f; Power of Lens P = 1 / f(in meters) measured in Dioptres (D) (Convex lens has +ve f and +ve D; Concave lens has -ve f and -ve D).; C) Brass = Copper (Cu) + Zinc (Zn); Bronze = Copper (Cu) + Tin (Sn); Solder = Lead (Pb) + Tin (Sn); German Silver = Cu + Zn + Nickel (Ni) (contains 0% Silver!); Stainless Steel = Iron (Fe) + Chromium (Cr) +…; D) RAM is volatile: SRAM (Static RAM) uses flip-flops/transistors, does not need refreshing, is faster/expensive, and is used as Cache Memory; DRAM (Dynamic RAM) uses capacitors, requires periodic refreshing… |
| 26 | How do Xylem and Phloem differ in Plant Tissues, and what are the functions of the 5 major Plant Hormones (Phytohormones)? | Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals unidirectionally upward from roots to leaves (driven by transpiration pull); Phloem transports food (sucrose/amino acids) bidirectionally (translocation). Plant Hormones: 1) Auxin (cell elongation, phototropism, apical dominance), 2) Gibberellins (stem elongation, bolting, breaking seed dormancy), 3) Cytokinins (cell division, delays leaf senescence), 4) Ethylene (only gaseous hormone - fruit ripening), 5) Abscisic Acid (ABA - stress hormone, induces stomatal closure and dormancy). | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) 1st Generation (1940–1956): Vacuum Tubes (ENIAC, UNIVAC; machine/assembly language); 2nd Generation (1956–1963): Transistors (invented at Bell Labs; FORTRAN, COBOL); 3rd Generation (1964–1971): Integrated…; B) Assembler translates Assembly language to Machine code; Compiler translates the entire high-level program (C, C++) into object/machine code at once before execution; Interpreter translates and executes…; C) Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals unidirectionally upward from roots to leaves (driven by transpiration pull); Phloem transports food (sucrose/amino acids) bidirectionally (translocation). Plant Hormones: 1) Auxin (cell elongation, phototropism, apical dominance), 2) Gibberellins (stem elongation, bolting, breaking seed dormancy), 3) Cytokinins (cell division, delays leaf senescence), 4) Ethylene (only gaseous hormone - fruit ripening), 5) Abscisic Acid (ABA - stress hormone, induces stomatal closure and dormancy). ✓; D) Ohm's Law: V = I * R, where R = rho * (L / A). |
| 27 | Why is the sky blue, why are danger signals red, and what causes a rainbow and the twinkling of stars? | Rayleigh Scattering (Intensity propto 1 / lambda^4): Shorter wavelengths (violet/blue) scatter much more than longer wavelengths (red), making the sky appear blue (in space with no atmosphere, the sky appears black) and allowing red light (longest visible wavelength) to travel farthest through fog/smoke without scattering. Twinkling of stars and early sunrise/delayed sunset by 2 minutes are caused by Atmospheric Refraction. Rainbow is caused by Dispersion + Refraction + Internal Reflection in water droplets. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Vinegar = Acetic acid (Ethanoic acid); Ant/Nettle sting = Methanoic (Formic) acid; Citrus fruits (lemon/orange) = Citric acid; Tamarind & Grapes = Tartaric acid; Tomato & Spinach = Oxalic acid; Curd/Sour…; B) Human heart is 4-chambered with Double Circulation; the Sinoatrial (SA) Node in the right atrium is the 'Natural Pacemaker'.; C) MS Word: Ctrl+H (Replace), Ctrl+K (Insert Hyperlink), Ctrl+J (Justify alignment), Ctrl+M (Increase indent), F7 (Spell Check), Shift+F7 (Thesaurus), Ctrl+Enter (Page Break), F12 (Save As).; D) Rayleigh Scattering (Intensity propto 1 / lambda^4): Shorter wavelengths (violet/blue) scatter much more than longer wavelengths (red), making the sky appear blue (in space with no atmosphere, the sky appears black) and allowing red light (longest visible wavelength) to travel farthest through fog/smoke without scattering. Twinkling of stars and early sunrise/delayed sunset by 2 minutes are caused by Atmospheric Refraction. Rainbow is caused by Dispersion + Refraction + Internal Reflection in water droplets. ✓ |
| 28 | Match Human Endocrine Glands with their hormones and disorders, and identify the structural units of the Kidney, Nervous System, and Lungs. | Pituitary ('Master Gland' at base of brain): Growth Hormone (dwarfism/acromegaly), ADH/Vasopressin (deficiency causes Diabetes Insipidus), Oxytocin; Thyroid (largest endocrine gland): Thyroxine (requires Iodine; deficiency causes Goitre/Cretinism); Pancreas (Mixed/Heterocrine gland - Islets of Langerhans): Beta cells secrete Insulin (deficiency -> Diabetes Mellitus), Alpha cells secrete Glucagon; Adrenal ('3F / 4S Fight-or-Flight gland'): Adrenaline (Epinephrine). Structural units: Kidney = Nephron; Nervous System = Neuron (longest cell); Lungs = Alveoli. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) FTP (File Transfer): 20 (Data) & 21 (Control); SSH (Secure Shell): 22; Telnet (unencrypted remote login): 23; SMTP (Sending email): 25; DNS (Domain Name to IP resolution): 53; DHCP (Dynamic IP…; B) Pituitary ('Master Gland' at base of brain): Growth Hormone (dwarfism/acromegaly), ADH/Vasopressin (deficiency causes Diabetes Insipidus), Oxytocin; Thyroid (largest endocrine gland): Thyroxine (requires Iodine; deficiency causes Goitre/Cretinism); Pancreas (Mixed/Heterocrine gland - Islets of Langerhans): Beta cells secrete Insulin (deficiency -> Diabetes Mellitus), Alpha cells secrete Glucagon; Adrenal ('3F / 4S Fight-or-Flight gland'): Adrenaline (Epinephrine). Structural units: Kidney = Nephron; Nervous System = Neuron (longest cell); Lungs = Alveoli. ✓; C) 1st Law (Law of Inertia - Galileo): Defines force; passengers fall forward when a bus stops suddenly due to inertia of motion.; D) Vinegar = Acetic acid (Ethanoic acid); Ant/Nettle sting = Methanoic (Formic) acid; Citrus fruits (lemon/orange) = Citric acid; Tamarind & Grapes = Tartaric acid; Tomato & Spinach = Oxalic acid; Curd/Sour… |
| 29 | What is the Mirror Formula, Lens Formula, Power of a Lens, and the condition for Total Internal Reflection (TIR)? | Mirror Formula: 1/v + 1/u = 1/f; Lens Formula: 1/v - 1/u = 1/f; Power of Lens P = 1 / f(in meters) measured in Dioptres (D) (Convex lens has +ve f and +ve D; Concave lens has -ve f and -ve D). Total Internal Reflection (TIR) requires: 1) Light must travel from an optically denser medium to an optically rarer medium, and 2) Angle of incidence must exceed the Critical Angle (theta_c). Examples: Sparkling of diamond (n=2.42, theta_c=24.4°), Mirage, and Optical Fibers. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Baking Soda: Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate / Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3 - antacid, baking powder with tartaric acid, soda-acid fire extinguisher); Washing Soda: Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate (Na2CO3·10H2O -…; B) Fat-Soluble (A, D, E, K): Vit A (Retinol) -> Night Blindness (Nyctalopia) & Xerophthalmia; Vit D (Calciferol - Sunshine vitamin) -> Rickets (children) & Osteomalacia (adults); Vit E (Tocopherol) ->…; C) Mirror Formula: 1/v + 1/u = 1/f; Lens Formula: 1/v - 1/u = 1/f; Power of Lens P = 1 / f(in meters) measured in Dioptres (D) (Convex lens has +ve f and +ve D; Concave lens has -ve f and -ve D). Total Internal Reflection (TIR) requires: 1) Light must travel from an optically denser medium to an optically rarer medium, and 2) Angle of incidence must exceed the Critical Angle (theta_c). Examples: Sparkling of diamond (n=2.42, theta_c=24.4°), Mirage, and Optical Fibers. ✓; D) Virus attaches to a host file and requires human action to execute/spread; Worm is standalone malware that self-replicates automatically across networks exploiting vulnerabilities without a host file;… |
| 30 | Match the Fathers and Inventors in Computer Science & Technology: Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, Alan Turing, Tim Berners-Lee, Vint Cerf, Ray Tomlinson, and Ajay Bhatt. | Charles Babbage: Father of the Computer (Difference Engine & Analytical Engine); Lady Ada Lovelace: World's First Computer Programmer; Alan Turing: Father of Modern Computer Science & AI (Turing Machine); Tim Berners-Lee: Inventor of World Wide Web (WWW, HTML, HTTP, URL in 1989 at CERN); Vint Cerf & Bob Kahn: Fathers of the Internet (TCP/IP); Ray Tomlinson: Inventor of Email (@ symbol); Ajay Bhatt: Co-inventor of USB; Douglas Engelbart: Inventor of Computer Mouse. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Concave Mirror (Converging): Forms real & inverted images for all object positions EXCEPT when the object is between Pole (P) and Focus (F), where it forms a virtual, erect, and magnified image.; B) Liquid Metal at room temperature = Mercury (Hg); Liquid Non-metal at room temperature = Bromine (Br); Metals that melt on the palm = Gallium (Ga) and Caesium (Cs); Softest metals cut with a knife = Sodium…; C) 1st Generation (1940–1956): Vacuum Tubes (ENIAC, UNIVAC; machine/assembly language); 2nd Generation (1956–1963): Transistors (invented at Bell Labs; FORTRAN, COBOL); 3rd Generation (1964–1971): Integrated…; D) Charles Babbage: Father of the Computer (Difference Engine & Analytical Engine); Lady Ada Lovelace: World's First Computer Programmer; Alan Turing: Father of Modern Computer Science & AI (Turing Machine); Tim Berners-Lee: Inventor of World Wide Web (WWW, HTML, HTTP, URL in 1989 at CERN); Vint Cerf & Bob Kahn: Fathers of the Internet (TCP/IP); Ray Tomlinson: Inventor of Email (@ symbol); Ajay Bhatt: Co-inventor of USB; Douglas Engelbart: Inventor of Computer Mouse. ✓ |
| 31 | What are the natural sources of common Organic Acids and the pH values of human blood, gastric juice, milk, and acid rain? | Vinegar = Acetic acid (Ethanoic acid); Ant/Nettle sting = Methanoic (Formic) acid; Citrus fruits (lemon/orange) = Citric acid; Tamarind & Grapes = Tartaric acid; Tomato & Spinach = Oxalic acid; Curd/Sour milk = Lactic acid; Apple = Malic acid. pH Values (Sorënsen scale 0–14): Gastric juice ~ 1.2–1.5; Lemon juice ~ 2.2; Acid Rain < 5.6; Milk ~ 6.5–6.8; Pure Water = 7.0; Human Blood = 7.35–7.45 (slightly alkaline); Milk of Magnesia = 10.5. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Cell: Robert Hooke (1665, dead cork cells), Leeuwenhoek (1674, living cell), Schleiden & Schwann (Cell Theory).; B) Vinegar = Acetic acid (Ethanoic acid); Ant/Nettle sting = Methanoic (Formic) acid; Citrus fruits (lemon/orange) = Citric acid; Tamarind & Grapes = Tartaric acid; Tomato & Spinach = Oxalic acid; Curd/Sour milk = Lactic acid; Apple = Malic acid. pH Values (Sorënsen scale 0–14): Gastric juice ~ 1.2–1.5; Lemon juice ~ 2.2; Acid Rain < 5.6; Milk ~ 6.5–6.8; Pure Water = 7.0; Human Blood = 7.35–7.45 (slightly alkaline); Milk of Magnesia = 10.5. ✓; C) Layer 1 Physical (Bits - Hub, Repeater, Cables); Layer 2 Data Link (Frames - Switch, Bridge, MAC address, Ethernet, ARP); Layer 3 Network (Packets - Router, IPv4/IPv6, ICMP, IPsec); Layer 4 Transport…; D) g is maximum at the Poles and minimum at the Equator (due to Earth's equatorial bulge R_eq > R_pole and centrifugal effect of rotation); g decreases with both altitude h and depth d, becoming ZERO at the… |
| 32 | In Computer Memory, how do SRAM, DRAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and Virtual Memory differ? | RAM is volatile: SRAM (Static RAM) uses flip-flops/transistors, does not need refreshing, is faster/expensive, and is used as Cache Memory; DRAM (Dynamic RAM) uses capacitors, requires periodic refreshing every few milliseconds, and is used as Main Memory. ROM is non-volatile (stores BIOS firmware for Booting/POST): PROM (Programmable once), EPROM (erased by Ultraviolet light), EEPROM / Flash Memory (erased electrically). Virtual Memory uses disk space (Paging/Swapping) as an extension of RAM. | High-yield exam verification (RRB & SSC General Science & Computer Awareness): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Virus attaches to a host file and requires human action to execute/spread; Worm is standalone malware that self-replicates automatically across networks exploiting vulnerabilities without a host file;…; B) Concave Mirror (Converging): Forms real & inverted images for all object positions EXCEPT when the object is between Pole (P) and Focus (F), where it forms a virtual, erect, and magnified image.; C) RAM is volatile: SRAM (Static RAM) uses flip-flops/transistors, does not need refreshing, is faster/expensive, and is used as Cache Memory; DRAM (Dynamic RAM) uses capacitors, requires periodic refreshing every few milliseconds, and is used as Main Memory. ROM is non-volatile (stores BIOS firmware for Booting/POST): PROM (Programmable once), EPROM (erased by Ultraviolet light), EEPROM / Flash Memory (erased electrically). Virtual Memory uses disk space (Paging/Swapping) as an extension of RAM. ✓; D) Across a Period (Left to Right): Atomic Radius DECREASES, Metallic Character DECREASES, while Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity, and Electronegativity INCREASE (Fluorine has highest electronegativity,… |

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