# Cognitive Psychology (Nederlands) — Gevorderd (C1/C2) 1: Social Psychology, Personality Theories, Psychological Disorders & Research Methods

> [Nederlands] Cognitive Psychology (Nederlands): Social influence, attribution, Big Five personality traits, DSM-5 psychopathology classifications, therapeutic approaches, and experimental design

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- **Markdown URL:** https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/a501501a-c225-4728-baa2-bac73d8aefc8.md
- **Level:** advanced
- **Languages:** nl → nl
- **Total Cards:** 32

## Flashcards (32 Cards)

| # | Front (Term / Prompt) | Back (Definition / Answer) | Example | Multiple-Choice Options |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 1 | What two essential experimental features enable true experiments to establish causal relationships between variables? | 1. Active manipulation of the Independent Variable (IV) across experimental and control conditions. 2. Random Assignment of participants to conditions to equalize extraneous participant variables across groups. |  |  |
| 2 | What is the psychometric difference between reliability and validity of a measurement instrument? | Reliability is the consistency, stability, and reproducibility of test scores (e.g., test-retest); Validity is the extent to which an instrument truly measures the conceptual construct it claims to measure. |  |  |
| 3 | What is the critical diagnostic distinction between Bipolar I Disorder and Bipolar II Disorder? | Bipolar I requires at least one lifetime full Manic Episode (severe functional impairment, possible psychosis); Bipolar II requires at least one Hypomanic Episode AND at least one Major Depressive Episode, with no full mania. |  |  |
| 4 | In Solomon Asch's line judgment conformity experiments, what distinction was drawn between normative and informational social influence? | Normative influence: conforming to gain social approval or avoid ostracism; Informational influence: conforming because one believes the group possesses accurate knowledge about ambiguous reality. |  |  |
| 5 | How do the Central and Peripheral routes to persuasion differ in the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)? | Central route relies on high cognitive motivation, scrutinizing message arguments, producing enduring attitude change; Peripheral route relies on superficial cues (speaker attractiveness, heuristics), producing transient change. |  |  |
| 6 | What is the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) in social psychology? | The pervasive tendency for observers to underestimate situational environmental pressures and overestimate internal, dispositional traits when explaining another person's behavior. |  |  |
| 7 | What are the Big Five personality traits in the Five-Factor Model (OCEAN)? | 1. Openness to Experience 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism (emotional instability). |  |  |
| 8 | What constitutes Aaron Beck's Cognitive Triad in the cognitive etiology of depression? | Negative, automatic, dysfunctional schema regarding: 1. The Self ('I am worthless') 2. The World/Experience ('The world is hostile/unfair') 3. The Future ('Things will never get better'). |  |  |
| 9 | What core ethical principles governing human psychological research are codified in the Belmont Report and APA ethics code? | Respect for Persons (Informed Consent, autonomy, voluntary participation), Beneficence (maximizing benefits, minimizing harm, risk-benefit assessment), and Justice (equitable selection of research subjects), along with debriefing when deception is used. |  |  |
| 10 | What diagnostic symptoms characterize Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) versus Panic Disorder? | GAD involves persistent, excessive, uncontrollable worry about multiple everyday domains for >= 6 months with autonomic tension; Panic Disorder involves recurrent, unexpected, sudden surges of intense terror (panic attacks) with persistent fear of recurrence. |  |  |
| 11 | What is Albert Bandura's concept of Reciprocal Determinism in social-cognitive personality theory? | Personality and behavior are shaped by continuous, dynamic, triadic reciprocal interactions among internal cognitive/biological factors, overt behavioral patterns, and external environmental influences. |  |  |
| 12 | Explain the Freudian defense mechanisms of Reaction Formation, Projection, and Sublimation. | Reaction Formation: expressing behavior opposite to an unacceptable impulse; Projection: attributing one's own unacceptable impulses onto others; Sublimation: redirecting instinctual drives into socially productive, creative pursuits. |  |  |
| 13 | What is the Bystander Effect, and what two social psychological mechanisms drive it? | Individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency when other passive onlookers are present; driven by Diffusion of Responsibility and Pluralistic Ignorance. |  |  |
| 14 | What are the four primary symptom clusters of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the DSM-5? | 1. Intrusive re-experiencing (flashbacks, nightmares) 2. Active avoidance of trauma-related stimuli 3. Negative alterations in cognition and mood (emotional numbing) 4. Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity (hypervigilance, exaggerated startle). |  |  |
| 15 | According to Robert Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation, why does the presence of an audience affect performance differently on easy versus complex tasks? | Presence of conspecifics increases physiological arousal, which strengthens the dominant response: enhancing performance on simple/well-learned tasks, but impairing performance on novel/complex tasks. |  |  |
| 16 | How do the Foot-in-the-Door technique and the Door-in-the-Face technique differ in inducing social compliance? | Foot-in-the-door secures agreement to a small initial request to increase compliance with a larger subsequent request; Door-in-the-face makes an extreme request that is refused, followed by the target concession request. |  |  |
| 17 | What is the pharmacological mechanism and risk profile of first-generation (typical) versus second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics? | Typical antipsychotics are potent D2 dopamine receptor antagonists carrying high risk of Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) and Tardive Dyskinesia; atypical antipsychotics antagonize 5-HT2A and D2 receptors, carrying lower EPS risk but higher metabolic syndrome risk. |  |  |
| 18 | What three core therapeutic conditions did Carl Rogers posit as necessary and sufficient for constructive personality change? | 1. Unconditional Positive Regard (non-judgmental acceptance) 2. Empathy (accurate empathic understanding) 3. Congruence (genuineness/authenticity of the therapist). |  |  |
| 19 | What did Muzafer Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment demonstrate regarding intergroup conflict and its resolution? | Intergroup hostility arises naturally from competition for scarce resources (Realistic Conflict Theory) and is eliminated only through cooperative pursuit of Superordinate Goals requiring mutual interdependence. |  |  |
| 20 | What is Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), and for which disorder is it the first-line gold standard behavioral therapy? | A CBT behavioral protocol where patients are systematically exposed to anxiety-provoking obsessional triggers while refraining from performing compulsive rituals; first-line therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. |  |  |
| 21 | What is the psychological relationship between obsessions and compulsions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)? | Obsessions are recurrent, intrusive, distress-inducing thoughts, images, or urges; compulsions are repetitive behavioral rituals or mental acts performed to neutralize the anxiety caused by obsessions. |  |  |
| 22 | What are the DSM-5 positive and negative symptoms of Schizophrenia? | Positive symptoms (excess/distortion): Hallucinations (auditory most common), Delusions, Disorganized speech/thinking; Negative symptoms (deficit/loss): Flat affect, Avolition, Alogia, Anhedonia, Asociality. |  |  |
| 23 | What proportion of participants in Stanley Milgram's classic obedience experiment administered the maximum 450-volt shock? | Approximately 65% (26 out of 40) of participants administered shocks up to the maximum 450-volt danger level under direct commands from the authority figure. |  |  |
| 24 | What are the two hallmark diagnostic core criteria for a Major Depressive Episode in the DSM-5? | Persistent depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, OR Anhedonia (markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities) for at least two consecutive weeks. |  |  |
| 25 | How do Group Polarization and Groupthink differ in collective group decision making? | Group Polarization is the exaggeration of a group's initial dominant ideological inclination following discussion; Groupthink is the suppression of dissenting opinions and critical appraisal in cohesive groups to preserve harmony. |  |  |
| 26 | Why does a strong correlation between two variables (r = +0.85) never prove that variable X causes variable Y? | Correlation does not imply causation due to the Directionality Problem (Y might cause X) and the Third-Variable Problem (an unmeasured confound Z might cause both X and Y). |  |  |
| 27 | What is Julian Rotter's concept of Locus of Control, and how does it correlate with coping outcomes? | Internal locus: believing personal agency, effort, and decisions govern life outcomes (linked to proactive coping and resilience); External locus: believing outcomes are governed by luck, fate, or powerful external forces. |  |  |
| 28 | What is Cognitive Dissonance according to Leon Festinger, and what classic experimental finding demonstrated it? | Psychological discomfort arising from holding contradictory beliefs or actions; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) showed participants paid $1 to lie rated a boring task as genuinely enjoyable (insufficient justification). |  |  |
| 29 | Which three personality disorders comprise Cluster B ('dramatic, emotional, or erratic') in the DSM-5? | Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Histrionic Personality Disorder, and Narcissistic Personality Disorder. |  |  |
| 30 | What experimental safeguard protects against both experimenter expectancy effects and participant demand characteristics? | The Double-Blind procedure, in which neither the human participants nor the experimenters interacting with them know which group received the active treatment or placebo. |  |  |
| 31 | What are the three structural components of the human psyche in Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic model? | Id: unconscious biological drives operating on the Pleasure Principle; Ego: realistic mediator operating on the Reality Principle; Superego: internalized moral conscience and ego-ideal. |  |  |
| 32 | What criteria define a psychological disorder in the DSM-5-TR? | A clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior reflecting dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes, causing significant distress or impairment in social/occupational functioning. |  |  |

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