# OCSC ก.พ. ภาค ก. (Pak Kor) — Good Civil Servant Laws II: Administrative Procedure Act B.E. 2539 (พ.ร.บ. วิธีปฏิบัติราชการทางปกครอง — คำสั่งทางปกครอง, การอุทธรณ์, เพิกถอน), Tortious Liability of Officials Act B.E. 2539 (พ.ร.บ. ความรับผิดทางละเมิดของเจ้าหน้าที่), Criminal Code Offenses in Public Office (มาตรา 147–166) & Ethical Standards Act B.E. 2562 (พ.ร.บ. มาตรฐานทางจริยธรรม)

> High-yield statutory flashcards for OCSC Pak Kor (ก.พ. ภาค ก.) Subject 3 covering the Administrative Procedure Act B.E. 2539, Tortious Liability of Officials Act B.E. 2539, Thai Criminal Code Offenses in Public Office (Sections 147–166), and the Ethical Standards Act B.E. 2562.

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- **Level:** basic
- **Languages:** en → en
- **Total Cards:** 32

## Flashcards (32 Cards)

| # | Front (Term / Prompt) | Back (Definition / Answer) | Example | Multiple-Choice Options |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 1 | Under Section 162 of the Thai Criminal Code (มาตรา 162), what is the offense of Falsification of Official Documents by an Official (เจ้าพนักงานทำเอกสารเท็จ)? | An official having the duty of preparing documents, filling in particulars, or keeping documents who: 1) Certifies that they have done something or that something was done in their presence when it is false; 2) Certifies receipt of notifications they did not receive; 3) Omits to record matters they have a duty to record, or alters them; or 4) Certifies a fact which the document aims to prove when it is false. Penalty: Up to 7 years imprisonment and fine up to 140,000 Baht. | An inspection committee member signing a work-acceptance certificate stating construction is 100% finished when they know it is unfinished commits an offense under Section 162(1)/(4) and Section 157. | A) They hold office for a term of **3 years** (วาระละ 3 ปี) and may be reappointed, but may **NOT serve for more than two consecutive terms** (ติดต่อกันเกินสองวาระไม่ได้).; B) An official having the duty of preparing documents, filling in particulars, or keeping documents who: 1) Certifies that they have done something or that something was done in their presence when it is false; 2) Certifies receipt of notifications they did not receive; 3) Omits to record matters they have a duty to record, or alters them; or 4) Certifies a fact which the document aims to prove when it is false. Penalty: Up to 7 years imprisonment and fine up to 140,000 Baht. ✓; C) A party has the right to appoint a lawyer or representative in writing (Section 23) and the right to bring a lawyer or advisor (ที่ปรึกษา) into an administrative hearing/interview (Section 24).; D) The official is **personally liable** (เจ้าหน้าที่ต้องรับผิดเป็นการส่วนตัว), the injured person may sue the official directly in the Court of Justice (ศาลยุติธรรม), and the Government Agency is NOT liable. |
| 2 | Under Section 8 paragraphs 2–4 of the Act on Tortious Liability of Officials B.E. 2539, how is the amount of reimbursement calculated when an official commits a tort with Intent or Gross Negligence? | 1) Account is taken of the degree of gravity of the act and fairness (ไม่ต้องรับผิดเต็มจำนวนเสมอไป — need not be 100%); 2) If damage was partly caused by flaws in the agency's organizational system or collective work, that portion is deducted; 3) If multiple officials caused the tort, they are liable **proportionately (ตามสัดส่วน)** and **NOT jointly and severally (ไม่นำหลักลูกหนี้ร่วมมาใช้บังคับ)**! | Exam trap: Unlike general civil tort law (ป.พ.พ. มาตรา 432) where joint tortfeasors are jointly and severally liable (ลูกหนี้ร่วม), Section 8 explicitly forbids joint and several liability among officials! | A) 1) Section 151: An official having the duty to buy, make, manage, or keep property abuses their office to cause damage to the State, Municipality, Sanitation District, or owner of the property (5–20 years…; B) 1) Account is taken of the degree of gravity of the act and fairness (ไม่ต้องรับผิดเต็มจำนวนเสมอไป — need not be 100%); 2) If damage was partly caused by flaws in the agency's organizational system or collective work, that portion is deducted; 3) If multiple officials caused the tort, they are liable **proportionately (ตามสัดส่วน)** and **NOT jointly and severally (ไม่นำหลักลูกหนี้ร่วมมาใช้บังคับ)**! ✓; C) The **Ethical Standards Committee (ก.ม.จ. — คณะกรรมการมาตรฐานทางจริยธรรม)** is responsible for preparing the Code of Ethics for those officials/employees.; D) The order must state the right to appeal/contest, the person to whom the appeal must be submitted, and the appeal deadline. |
| 3 | Under Section 5 of the Administrative Procedure Act B.E. 2539 (มาตรา 5), what is the statutory definition of an 'Administrative Order' (คำสั่งทางปกครอง) and how does it differ from a 'Rule' (กฎ)? | An Administrative Order (คำสั่งทางปกครอง) is an exercise of legal authority by an official that establishes, changes, transfers, reserves, suspends, or affects the legal status of a SPECIFIC person (เฉพาะราย), whether permanent or temporary (e.g., issuing/revoking a license, disciplinary punishment, building demolition order). A Rule (กฎ) applies GENERALLY (เป็นการทั่วไป) without targeting a specific individual (e.g., Royal Decree, Ministerial Regulation). | Traffic light signals and official warnings impacting an individual's rights are also included under Ministerial Regulation No. 12 as คำสั่งทางปกครอง. | A) Before issuing an administrative order that may adversely affect a party's rights, the official must give the party an opportunity to know the material facts and present counter-arguments/evidence.; B) The injured person must sue the **Government Agency (หน่วยงานของรัฐ)** directly and is **PROHIBITED from suing the official personally** (ห้ามฟ้องเจ้าหน้าที่).; C) An Administrative Order (คำสั่งทางปกครอง) is an exercise of legal authority by an official that establishes, changes, transfers, reserves, suspends, or affects the legal status of a SPECIFIC person (เฉพาะราย), whether permanent or temporary (e.g., issuing/revoking a license, disciplinary punishment, building demolition order). A Rule (กฎ) applies GENERALLY (เป็นการทั่วไป) without targeting a specific individual (e.g., Royal Decree, Ministerial Regulation). ✓; D) An official having the duty of preparing documents, filling in particulars, or keeping documents who: 1) Certifies that they have done something or that something was done in their presence when it is… |
| 4 | Under Sections 49–53 of the Administrative Procedure Act B.E. 2539, contrast 'Revocation' (การเพิกถอนคำสั่งทางปกครอง) of an UNLAWFUL order vs. a LAWFUL order, and distinguish Beneficial vs. Burdensome orders. | 1) Unlawful order (คำสั่งทางปกครองที่ไม่ชอบด้วยกฎหมาย): May be revoked wholly or partly, retroactively or prospectively; but if it is a beneficial order granting money/divisible property, the recipient's good-faith reliance (ความเชื่อโดยสุจริต) is protected unless they used fraud/threats or knew of the illegality (must revoke within 90 days of learning reason). 2) Lawful order (คำสั่งทางปกครองที่ชอบด้วยกฎหมาย): May be revoked prospectively if facts/laws change or to prevent grave harm to the public interest. | Remember the 90-day limitation period under Section 49 paragraph 2: an official must exercise the power to revoke within 90 days of learning the ground for revocation. | A) 1) Unlawful order (คำสั่งทางปกครองที่ไม่ชอบด้วยกฎหมาย): May be revoked wholly or partly, retroactively or prospectively; but if it is a beneficial order granting money/divisible property, the recipient's good-faith reliance (ความเชื่อโดยสุจริต) is protected unless they used fraud/threats or knew of the illegality (must revoke within 90 days of learning reason). 2) Lawful order (คำสั่งทางปกครองที่ชอบด้วยกฎหมาย): May be revoked prospectively if facts/laws change or to prevent grave harm to the public interest. ✓; B) ONLY when the official caused the damage through **Intent (จงใจ)** or **Gross Negligence (ประมาทเลินเล่ออย่างร้ายแรง)**.; C) An official having the duty of preparing documents, filling in particulars, or keeping documents who: 1) Certifies that they have done something or that something was done in their presence when it is…; D) 1) Is a party (เป็นคู่กรณีเอง); 2) Is a fiancé/fiancée (คู่หมั้น) of a party; 3) Is a spouse (คู่สมรส) of a party; 4) Is a blood relative (ญาติบุพการีหรือผู้สืบสันดานไม่ว่าชั้นใดๆ… |
| 5 | Under Sections 23–25 of the Administrative Procedure Act B.E. 2539, what right does a Party (คู่กรณี) have regarding legal representation or bringing an advisor/assistant into an administrative hearing? | A party has the right to appoint a lawyer or representative in writing (Section 23) and the right to bring a lawyer or advisor (ที่ปรึกษา) into an administrative hearing/interview (Section 24). Anything stated by the advisor in the presence of the party is deemed stated by the party unless the party immediately objects! | If more than 50 people share the same administrative proceeding without a representative, Section 26 allows them or the official to appoint a common representative. | A) 1) The party must file a written appeal with the **official who issued the order** within **15 days** (ภายใน 15 วัน) from being notified; 2) The issuing official must review the appeal (either agreeing to…; B) A party has the right to appoint a lawyer or representative in writing (Section 23) and the right to bring a lawyer or advisor (ที่ปรึกษา) into an administrative hearing/interview (Section 24). Anything stated by the advisor in the presence of the party is deemed stated by the party unless the party immediately objects! ✓; C) 1) When the agency pays compensation to an injured third party and seeks recourse (ไล่เบี้ย) against the official (Section 9): **1 year** from the date the agency paid compensation according to the court…; D) 1) Chairperson: **Prime Minister or a Deputy Prime Minister** assigned by the Prime Minister; 2) Vice-Chairperson: Representative of the **Civil Service Commission (ก.พ.)** elected by ก.พ.; 3) Ex-officio… |
| 6 | Under Section 11 of the Act on Tortious Liability of Officials B.E. 2539 (มาตรา 11), if an injured citizen chooses to submit a compensation claim directly to the Government Agency instead of suing immediately in court, what is the agency's decision deadline? | The agency must appoint an investigation committee and issue an order deciding the compensation claim within **180 days** (ภายใน 180 วัน). If the matter cannot be completed in time, the Minister (or supervising authority) may grant an extension of **not more than 180 additional days** (รวมไม่เกิน 360 วัน). | If the citizen is dissatisfied with the agency's decision under Section 11, they can file a lawsuit in the Administrative Court within 90 days of receiving the decision. | A) An official having the duty of preparing documents, filling in particulars, or keeping documents who: 1) Certifies that they have done something or that something was done in their presence when it is…; B) The agency must appoint an investigation committee and issue an order deciding the compensation claim within **180 days** (ภายใน 180 วัน). If the matter cannot be completed in time, the Minister (or supervising authority) may grant an extension of **not more than 180 additional days** (รวมไม่เกิน 360 วัน). ✓; C) 1) National Assembly and Cabinet (รัฐสภาและคณะรัฐมนตรี); 2) Organizations exercising powers under the Constitution directly; 3) Royal consideration of the King (การพิจารณาของพระมหากษัตริย์); 4) Judicial…; D) 1) The party must file a written appeal with the **official who issued the order** within **15 days** (ภายใน 15 วัน) from being notified; 2) The issuing official must review the appeal (either agreeing to… |
| 7 | Under Section 8 and Section 9 of the Ethical Standards Act B.E. 2562 (มาตรา 8–9), what is the composition of the Ethical Standards Committee (คณะกรรมการมาตรฐานทางจริยธรรม — ก.ม.จ.) and who serves as Chairperson and Secretary? | 1) Chairperson: **Prime Minister or a Deputy Prime Minister** assigned by the Prime Minister; 2) Vice-Chairperson: Representative of the **Civil Service Commission (ก.พ.)** elected by ก.พ.; 3) Ex-officio & Representative Members: 5 representatives from Central Personnel Agencies + 5 qualified experts appointed by the Cabinet; 4) Member and Secretary: **Secretary-General of the OCSC (เลขาธิการ ก.พ.)**. | Look closely at the OCSC connection: The Secretary-General of ก.พ. is the Member and Secretary of ก.ม.จ., and the Office of the OCSC (สำนักงาน ก.พ.) serves as the secretariat of ก.ม.จ.! | A) 1) Chairperson: **Prime Minister or a Deputy Prime Minister** assigned by the Prime Minister; 2) Vice-Chairperson: Representative of the **Civil Service Commission (ก.พ.)** elected by ก.พ.; 3) Ex-officio & Representative Members: 5 representatives from Central Personnel Agencies + 5 qualified experts appointed by the Cabinet; 4) Member and Secretary: **Secretary-General of the OCSC (เลขาธิการ ก.พ.)**. ✓; B) An Administrative Order (คำสั่งทางปกครอง) is an exercise of legal authority by an official that establishes, changes, transfers, reserves, suspends, or affects the legal status of a SPECIFIC person…; C) An administrative order takes effect from the moment the recipient is notified of it (มีผลใช้ยันตั้งแต่ขณะที่ผู้นั้นได้รับแจ้ง), and remains in force until revoked or expired.; D) The agency must appoint an investigation committee and issue an order deciding the compensation claim within **180 days** (ภายใน 180 วัน). |
| 8 | Under Sections 9–10 of the Act on Tortious Liability of Officials B.E. 2539, what are the prescription periods (อายุความ) for the state's recourse claim against an official? | 1) When the agency pays compensation to an injured third party and seeks recourse (ไล่เบี้ย) against the official (Section 9): **1 year** from the date the agency paid compensation according to the court judgment or compromise; 2) When the official directly damages the state agency itself without a third party (Section 10): **2 years** from the date the agency knew of the tort and the responsible official (and not exceeding 10 years from the tort). | If the official dies, the claim against the official's estate expires within 1 year of the official's death. | A) 1) When the agency pays compensation to an injured third party and seeks recourse (ไล่เบี้ย) against the official (Section 9): **1 year** from the date the agency paid compensation according to the court judgment or compromise; 2) When the official directly damages the state agency itself without a third party (Section 10): **2 years** from the date the agency knew of the tort and the responsible official (and not exceeding 10 years from the tort). ✓; B) Any official who: 1) Wrongfully exercises or omits to exercise any of their duties **in order to cause injury to any person (เพื่อให้เกิดความเสียหายแก่ผู้หนึ่งผู้ใด)**, OR 2) **Dishonestly exercises or…; C) ก.ม.จ. must review the Core Ethical Standards **every 5 years** (ทุกรอบระยะเวลา 5 ปี), or sooner if situations change significantly, and report annual implementation summaries to the Cabinet.; D) An administrative order takes effect from the moment the recipient is notified of it (มีผลใช้ยันตั้งแต่ขณะที่ผู้นั้นได้รับแจ้ง), and remains in force until revoked or expired. |
| 9 | Under Section 8 of the Act on Tortious Liability of Officials B.E. 2539 (มาตรา 8), when can the Government Agency exercise the 'Right of Recourse / Reimbursement' (สิทธิไล่เบี้ย) against an official, and what standard of fault is required? | ONLY when the official caused the damage through **Intent (จงใจ)** or **Gross Negligence (ประมาทเลินเล่ออย่างร้ายแรง)**. If the official acted with only **Ordinary/Slight Negligence (ประมาทเลินเล่อธรรมดา)**, the official does NOT have to reimburse the state at all! | This is the single most important principle of พ.ร.บ. ความรับผิดทางละเมิดของเจ้าหน้าที่: Ordinary negligence = 0 personal financial liability; Intent or Gross Negligence = subject to recourse (ไล่เบี้ย). | A) ONLY when the official caused the damage through **Intent (จงใจ)** or **Gross Negligence (ประมาทเลินเล่ออย่างร้ายแรง)**. If the official acted with only **Ordinary/Slight Negligence (ประมาทเลินเล่อธรรมดา)**, the official does NOT have to reimburse the state at all! ✓; B) 1) Section 148 (Extortion in Office): An official wrongfully uses their official power to COERCE or INDUCE (ข่มขืนใจหรือจูงใจ) any person to give or procure property/benefit when the victim knows they…; C) They hold office for a term of **3 years** (วาระละ 3 ปี) and may be reappointed, but may **NOT serve for more than two consecutive terms** (ติดต่อกันเกินสองวาระไม่ได้).; D) An administrative order may be issued in writing, verbally, or by other means (signs/signals) aslong as its meaning is clear. |
| 10 | Under Section 12 of the Ethical Standards Act B.E. 2562 (มาตรา 12), what is the term of office for the 5 qualified expert members (กรรมการผู้ทรงคุณวุฒิ) of the Ethical Standards Committee (ก.ม.จ.)? | They hold office for a term of **3 years** (วาระละ 3 ปี) and may be reappointed, but may **NOT serve for more than two consecutive terms** (ติดต่อกันเกินสองวาระไม่ได้). | Exam numerical trap: Expert members of ก.ม.จ. serve 3-year terms (max 2 consecutive terms = 6 years). | A) They hold office for a term of **3 years** (วาระละ 3 ปี) and may be reappointed, but may **NOT serve for more than two consecutive terms** (ติดต่อกันเกินสองวาระไม่ได้). ✓; B) 1) Is a party (เป็นคู่กรณีเอง); 2) Is a fiancé/fiancée (คู่หมั้น) of a party; 3) Is a spouse (คู่สมรส) of a party; 4) Is a blood relative (ญาติบุพการีหรือผู้สืบสันดานไม่ว่าชั้นใดๆ…; C) 1) The party must file a written appeal with the **official who issued the order** within **15 days** (ภายใน 15 วัน) from being notified; 2) The issuing official must review the appeal (either agreeing to…; D) An official who has the duty of buying, making, managing, or keeping any property dishonestly misappropriates the property for themselves or others, or dishonestly allows another person to take it. |
| 11 | Compare the 7 Core Ethical Standards of the Ethical Standards Act B.E. 2562 with the Civil Servant Code of Ethics B.E. 2564 (ประมวลจริยธรรมข้าราชการพลเรือน พ.ศ. 2564). | The Ethical Standards Act B.E. 2562 establishes the 7 statutory core standards (Section 5) applicable across all state agencies. Based on Section 6 of the Act, the Civil Service Commission (ก.พ.) issued the Civil Servant Code of Ethics B.E. 2564 (ประมวลจริยธรรมข้าราชการพลเรือน), which adopts those exact 7 core ethical standards plus detailed behavioral guidelines for ordinary civil servants. | Remember that the old 2009 OCSC Code of Ethics (10 items) was superseded by the 7 Core Ethical Standards under พ.ร.บ. มาตรฐานทางจริยธรรม พ.ศ. 2562 and ประมวลจริยธรรมข้าราชการพลเรือน พ.ศ. 2564. | A) 1) National Assembly and Cabinet (รัฐสภาและคณะรัฐมนตรี); 2) Organizations exercising powers under the Constitution directly; 3) Royal consideration of the King (การพิจารณาของพระมหากษัตริย์); 4) Judicial…; B) The order must state the right to appeal/contest, the person to whom the appeal must be submitted, and the appeal deadline.; C) The Ethical Standards Act B.E. 2562 establishes the 7 statutory core standards (Section 5) applicable across all state agencies. Based on Section 6 of the Act, the Civil Service Commission (ก.พ.) issued the Civil Servant Code of Ethics B.E. 2564 (ประมวลจริยธรรมข้าราชการพลเรือน), which adopts those exact 7 core ethical standards plus detailed behavioral guidelines for ordinary civil servants. ✓; D) 1) When the agency pays compensation to an injured third party and seeks recourse (ไล่เบี้ย) against the official (Section 9): **1 year** from the date the agency paid compensation according to the court… |
| 12 | Under Section 40 of the Administrative Procedure Act B.E. 2539 (มาตรา 40), what must an Administrative Order notify the recipient regarding Appeal Rights (การแจ้งสิทธิอุทธรณ์), and what is the penalty if the official fails to notify? | The order must state the right to appeal/contest, the person to whom the appeal must be submitted, and the appeal deadline. If the official FAILS to state the appeal procedure/deadline, the appeal deadline is extended to 1 year (ขยายเป็น 1 ปี) from the date of receiving the order (or if notified inaccurately as longer than law, the longer stated period applies). | Exam favorite: Normally the appeal period is 15 days (Section 44), but if the order omits appeal instructions under Section 40, the period becomes 1 year! | A) For orders to pay money: the agency issues a written warning (>7 days), and if unpaid, the head of the agency may issue a seizure/attachment order (คำสั่งยึดหรืออายัดทรัพย์สิน) and sell by public auction…; B) 1) Section 148 (Extortion in Office): An official wrongfully uses their official power to COERCE or INDUCE (ข่มขืนใจหรือจูงใจ) any person to give or procure property/benefit when the victim knows they…; C) The order must state the right to appeal/contest, the person to whom the appeal must be submitted, and the appeal deadline. If the official FAILS to state the appeal procedure/deadline, the appeal deadline is extended to 1 year (ขยายเป็น 1 ปี) from the date of receiving the order (or if notified inaccurately as longer than law, the longer stated period applies). ✓; D) ก.ม.จ. must review the Core Ethical Standards **every 5 years** (ทุกรอบระยะเวลา 5 ปี), or sooner if situations change significantly, and report annual implementation summaries to the Cabinet. |
| 13 | Under Section 13 of the Administrative Procedure Act B.E. 2539 (มาตรา 13), in which 7 relationships is an official ABSOLUTELY DISQUALIFIED by status (สภาพร้ายแรงตามกฎหมาย) from considering an administrative proceeding? | 1) Is a party (เป็นคู่กรณีเอง); 2) Is a fiancé/fiancée (คู่หมั้น) of a party; 3) Is a spouse (คู่สมรส) of a party; 4) Is a blood relative (ญาติบุพการีหรือผู้สืบสันดานไม่ว่าชั้นใดๆ หรือพี่น้องหรือลูกพี่ลูกน้องนับได้เพียงภายในสามชั้น) or relative by marriage within two degrees (ญาติทางแต่งงานนับได้เพียงสองชั้น); 5) Is/was a legal representative, agent, or guardian within 1 year; 6) Is a creditor, debtor, or employer of a party; 7) Other cases specified in Ministerial Regulations. | Blood relatives up to 3rd degree (ลูกพี่ลูกน้อง — 3 ชั้น) and affinity relatives up to 2nd degree (2 ชั้น) are disqualified under Section 13. | A) An administrative order may be issued in writing, verbally, or by other means (signs/signals) aslong as its meaning is clear.; B) The official is **personally liable** (เจ้าหน้าที่ต้องรับผิดเป็นการส่วนตัว), the injured person may sue the official directly in the Court of Justice (ศาลยุติธรรม), and the Government Agency is NOT liable.; C) 1) Section 165: An official having the duty to execute laws or orders prevents or obstructs the execution of such laws or orders.; D) 1) Is a party (เป็นคู่กรณีเอง); 2) Is a fiancé/fiancée (คู่หมั้น) of a party; 3) Is a spouse (คู่สมรส) of a party; 4) Is a blood relative (ญาติบุพการีหรือผู้สืบสันดานไม่ว่าชั้นใดๆ หรือพี่น้องหรือลูกพี่ลูกน้องนับได้เพียงภายในสามชั้น) or relative by marriage within two degrees (ญาติทางแต่งงานนับได้เพียงสองชั้น); 5) Is/was a legal representative, agent, or guardian within 1 year; 6) Is a creditor, debtor, or employer of a party; 7) Other cases specified in Ministerial Regulations. ✓ |
| 14 | Under Section 5 of the Act on Tortious Liability of Officials B.E. 2539 (พ.ร.บ. ความรับผิดทางละเมิดของเจ้าหน้าที่ พ.ศ. 2539 มาตรา 5), if an official commits a tort WHILE PERFORMING OFFICIAL DUTIES (ในการปฏิบัติหน้าที่), whom must the injured citizen sue? | The injured person must sue the **Government Agency (หน่วยงานของรัฐ)** directly and is **PROHIBITED from suing the official personally** (ห้ามฟ้องเจ้าหน้าที่). | If a citizen mistakenly files a lawsuit naming the official personally for a tort committed in the course of duty, the court will dismiss the claim against the official and summon the agency. | A) The agency must appoint an investigation committee and issue an order deciding the compensation claim within **180 days** (ภายใน 180 วัน).; B) The injured person must sue the **Government Agency (หน่วยงานของรัฐ)** directly and is **PROHIBITED from suing the official personally** (ห้ามฟ้องเจ้าหน้าที่). ✓; C) The Ethical Standards Act B.E.; D) A party has the right to appoint a lawyer or representative in writing (Section 23) and the right to bring a lawyer or advisor (ที่ปรึกษา) into an administrative hearing/interview (Section 24). |
| 15 | Under Section 165 and Section 166 of the Thai Criminal Code, what offenses cover Obstructing Law Enforcement and Abandoning Duty in Concert (เจ้าพนักงานละทิ้งหน้าที่การงาน)? | 1) Section 165: An official having the duty to execute laws or orders prevents or obstructs the execution of such laws or orders. 2) Section 166: An official abandons work or acts in any way so that work is interrupted or damaged, **jointly with five or more persons (ร่วมกันตั้งแต่ห้าคนขึ้นไป)**. | Notice the numerical threshold in Section 166: collective strike/abandonment of duty by state officials requires 5 or more persons (ตั้งแต่ 5 คนขึ้นไป) to constitute this specific criminal offense. | A) The **Ethical Standards Committee (ก.ม.จ. — คณะกรรมการมาตรฐานทางจริยธรรม)** is responsible for preparing the Code of Ethics for those officials/employees.; B) 1) Section 165: An official having the duty to execute laws or orders prevents or obstructs the execution of such laws or orders. 2) Section 166: An official abandons work or acts in any way so that work is interrupted or damaged, **jointly with five or more persons (ร่วมกันตั้งแต่ห้าคนขึ้นไป)**. ✓; C) Before issuing an administrative order that may adversely affect a party's rights, the official must give the party an opportunity to know the material facts and present counter-arguments/evidence.; D) ONLY when the official caused the damage through **Intent (จงใจ)** or **Gross Negligence (ประมาทเลินเล่ออย่างร้ายแรง)**. |
| 16 | Under Section 4 of the Administrative Procedure Act B.E. 2539 (พ.ร.บ. วิธีปฏิบัติราชการทางปกครอง พ.ศ. 2539 มาตรา 4), which 9 institutions/proceedings are EXCLUDED from the Act? | 1) National Assembly and Cabinet (รัฐสภาและคณะรัฐมนตรี); 2) Organizations exercising powers under the Constitution directly; 3) Royal consideration of the King (การพิจารณาของพระมหากษัตริย์); 4) Judicial proceedings of Courts; 5) Policy/strategic military operations (การดำเนินงานทางยุทธศาสตรทางทหาร); 6) Criminal justice process (กระบวนการยุติธรรมทางอาญา); 7) Religious organizational affairs; 8) Prime Minister's or Minister's political policy decisions; 9) Administrative enforcement ( adjusted by B.E. 2562). | Memorize these exclusions! OCSC Pak Kor tests them almost every cycle by asking which body IS or IS NOT governed by พ.ร.บ. วิธีปฏิบัติราชการทางปกครอง. | A) A party has the right to appoint a lawyer or representative in writing (Section 23) and the right to bring a lawyer or advisor (ที่ปรึกษา) into an administrative hearing/interview (Section 24).; B) 1) National Assembly and Cabinet (รัฐสภาและคณะรัฐมนตรี); 2) Organizations exercising powers under the Constitution directly; 3) Royal consideration of the King (การพิจารณาของพระมหากษัตริย์); 4) Judicial proceedings of Courts; 5) Policy/strategic military operations (การดำเนินงานทางยุทธศาสตรทางทหาร); 6) Criminal justice process (กระบวนการยุติธรรมทางอาญา); 7) Religious organizational affairs; 8) Prime Minister's or Minister's political policy decisions; 9) Administrative enforcement ( adjusted by B.E. 2562). ✓; C) For orders to pay money: the agency issues a written warning (>7 days), and if unpaid, the head of the agency may issue a seizure/attachment order (คำสั่งยึดหรืออายัดทรัพย์สิน) and sell by public auction…; D) Any official who: 1) Wrongfully exercises or omits to exercise any of their duties **in order to cause injury to any person (เพื่อให้เกิดความเสียหายแก่ผู้หนึ่งผู้ใด)**, OR 2) **Dishonestly exercises or… |
| 17 | Under Section 19 of the Ethical Standards Act B.E. 2562, how often must the Ethical Standards Committee (ก.ม.จ.) review the Core Ethical Standards? | ก.ม.จ. must review the Core Ethical Standards **every 5 years** (ทุกรอบระยะเวลา 5 ปี), or sooner if situations change significantly, and report annual implementation summaries to the Cabinet. | Notice how the 5-year review cycle in Section 19 of the Ethical Standards Act B.E. 2562 matches the 5-year action plan and 5-year law review cycle in the B.E. 2562 amendment to the Royal Decree on Good Governance! | A) 1) A natural person (บุคคลธรรมดา); 2) A juristic person (นิติบุคคล); 3) A group of persons or non-juristic body whose rights are affected; 4) Anyone allowed by law.; B) When: 1) New evidence/facts emerge that would have led to a more favorable outcome; 2) Changed facts or laws make enforcement inappropriate; 3) A defect under Section 13 (disqualified official) occurred.; C) ก.ม.จ. must review the Core Ethical Standards **every 5 years** (ทุกรอบระยะเวลา 5 ปี), or sooner if situations change significantly, and report annual implementation summaries to the Cabinet. ✓; D) 1) Section 151: An official having the duty to buy, make, manage, or keep property abuses their office to cause damage to the State, Municipality, Sanitation District, or owner of the property (5–20 years… |
| 18 | Contrast Section 148 (เจ้าพนักงานใช้อำนาจในตำแหน่งโดยมิชอบข่มขืนใจ) and Section 149 (เจ้าพนักงานเรียกรับสินบน) of the Thai Criminal Code. | 1) Section 148 (Extortion in Office): An official wrongfully uses their official power to COERCE or INDUCE (ข่มขืนใจหรือจูงใจ) any person to give or procure property/benefit when the victim knows they have no legal obligation to pay (maximum penalty: death, life imprisonment, or 5–20 years). 2) Section 149 (Bribery in Office): An official demands, accepts, or agrees to accept property/benefit for themselves or others in exchange for performing OR refraining from performing an act in office (whether the act itself is lawful or unlawful) (maximum penalty: death, life imprisonment, or 5–20 years). | Under Section 149, even if the official performs a LAWFUL duty (ชอบด้วยหน้าที่) in exchange for a bribe they demanded, it is still a grave crime punishable up to death! | A) 1) Section 148 (Extortion in Office): An official wrongfully uses their official power to COERCE or INDUCE (ข่มขืนใจหรือจูงใจ) any person to give or procure property/benefit when the victim knows they have no legal obligation to pay (maximum penalty: death, life imprisonment, or 5–20 years). 2) Section 149 (Bribery in Office): An official demands, accepts, or agrees to accept property/benefit for themselves or others in exchange for performing OR refraining from performing an act in office (whether the act itself is lawful or unlawful) (maximum penalty: death, life imprisonment, or 5–20 years). ✓; B) 1) Uphold the Nation, Religion, Monarchy, and Democratic Regime with the King as Head of State; 2) Be honest, have good conscience, and be responsible to duty; 3) Dare to decide and act rightly, and not…; C) 1) Is a party (เป็นคู่กรณีเอง); 2) Is a fiancé/fiancée (คู่หมั้น) of a party; 3) Is a spouse (คู่สมรส) of a party; 4) Is a blood relative (ญาติบุพการีหรือผู้สืบสันดานไม่ว่าชั้นใดๆ…; D) When: 1) New evidence/facts emerge that would have led to a more favorable outcome; 2) Changed facts or laws make enforcement inappropriate; 3) A defect under Section 13 (disqualified official) occurred. |
| 19 | Under Section 21 and Section 22 of the Administrative Procedure Act B.E. 2539, who has the capacity to be a 'Party' (คู่กรณี) in an administrative proceeding? | 1) A natural person (บุคคลธรรมดา); 2) A juristic person (นิติบุคคล); 3) A group of persons or non-juristic body whose rights are affected; 4) Anyone allowed by law. A minor (ผู้เยาว์) may act on their own if a specific law allows them to exercise that right at their age. | For example, a 15-year-old applying for a motorcycle driver's license or national ID card can act as a คู่กรณี on their own without parental representation. | A) An administrative order takes effect from the moment the recipient is notified of it (มีผลใช้ยันตั้งแต่ขณะที่ผู้นั้นได้รับแจ้ง), and remains in force until revoked or expired.; B) 1) Account is taken of the degree of gravity of the act and fairness (ไม่ต้องรับผิดเต็มจำนวนเสมอไป — need not be 100%); 2) If damage was partly caused by flaws in the agency's organizational system or…; C) The Ethical Standards Act B.E.; D) 1) A natural person (บุคคลธรรมดา); 2) A juristic person (นิติบุคคล); 3) A group of persons or non-juristic body whose rights are affected; 4) Anyone allowed by law. A minor (ผู้เยาว์) may act on their own if a specific law allows them to exercise that right at their age. ✓ |
| 20 | Under Section 6 of the Act on Tortious Liability of Officials B.E. 2539 (มาตรา 6), what if an official commits a tort NOT in the performance of official duties (ไม่ใช่ในการปฏิบัติหน้าที่)? | The official is **personally liable** (เจ้าหน้าที่ต้องรับผิดเป็นการส่วนตัว), the injured person may sue the official directly in the Court of Justice (ศาลยุติธรรม), and the Government Agency is NOT liable. | For instance, if an official takes a personal weekend vacation in their private car and causes an accident, it is outside official duties under Section 6. | A) An official who has the duty of buying, making, managing, or keeping any property dishonestly misappropriates the property for themselves or others, or dishonestly allows another person to take it.; B) 1) Chairperson: **Prime Minister or a Deputy Prime Minister** assigned by the Prime Minister; 2) Vice-Chairperson: Representative of the **Civil Service Commission (ก.พ.)** elected by ก.พ.; 3) Ex-officio…; C) Before issuing an administrative order that may adversely affect a party's rights, the official must give the party an opportunity to know the material facts and present counter-arguments/evidence.; D) The official is **personally liable** (เจ้าหน้าที่ต้องรับผิดเป็นการส่วนตัว), the injured person may sue the official directly in the Court of Justice (ศาลยุติธรรม), and the Government Agency is NOT liable. ✓ |
| 21 | Under Section 44 and Section 45 of the Administrative Procedure Act B.E. 2539, what is the standard timeline for Appealing an Administrative Order (การอุทธรณ์คำสั่งทางปกครอง)? | 1) The party must file a written appeal with the **official who issued the order** within **15 days** (ภายใน 15 วัน) from being notified; 2) The issuing official must review the appeal (either agreeing to amend/revoke or forwarding it to the appellate authority) within **30 days**; 3) The appellate authority must decide within **30 days** (extendable by up to **30 additional days** in writing). | Memorize the 15 – 30 – 30 (+30) day sequence for administrative appeals under Sections 44–45! (Total consideration max 60 days at appellate level, or 90 days overall). | A) 1) The party must file a written appeal with the **official who issued the order** within **15 days** (ภายใน 15 วัน) from being notified; 2) The issuing official must review the appeal (either agreeing to amend/revoke or forwarding it to the appellate authority) within **30 days**; 3) The appellate authority must decide within **30 days** (extendable by up to **30 additional days** in writing). ✓; B) The official is **personally liable** (เจ้าหน้าที่ต้องรับผิดเป็นการส่วนตัว), the injured person may sue the official directly in the Court of Justice (ศาลยุติธรรม), and the Government Agency is NOT liable.; C) Any official who: 1) Wrongfully exercises or omits to exercise any of their duties **in order to cause injury to any person (เพื่อให้เกิดความเสียหายแก่ผู้หนึ่งผู้ใด)**, OR 2) **Dishonestly exercises or…; D) An Administrative Order (คำสั่งทางปกครอง) is an exercise of legal authority by an official that establishes, changes, transfers, reserves, suspends, or affects the legal status of a SPECIFIC person… |
| 22 | Under Sections 34–37 of the Administrative Procedure Act B.E. 2539, in what forms may an Administrative Order (คำสั่งทางปกครอง) be issued, and when must it contain written reasons (เหตุผล)? | An administrative order may be issued in writing, verbally, or by other means (signs/signals) aslong as its meaning is clear. However, if a verbal order affects a party and the party reasonably requests written confirmation within 7 days (ภายใน 7 วัน), the official must confirm it in writing. Written orders must state: 1) Key facts, 2) Legal basis, and 3) Reasoning behind exercising discretion. | Note the 7-day deadline in Section 35 for requesting written confirmation of a verbal administrative order. | A) When: 1) New evidence/facts emerge that would have led to a more favorable outcome; 2) Changed facts or laws make enforcement inappropriate; 3) A defect under Section 13 (disqualified official) occurred.; B) An official who has the duty of buying, making, managing, or keeping any property dishonestly misappropriates the property for themselves or others, or dishonestly allows another person to take it.; C) An administrative order may be issued in writing, verbally, or by other means (signs/signals) aslong as its meaning is clear. However, if a verbal order affects a party and the party reasonably requests written confirmation within 7 days (ภายใน 7 วัน), the official must confirm it in writing. Written orders must state: 1) Key facts, 2) Legal basis, and 3) Reasoning behind exercising discretion. ✓; D) The **Ethical Standards Committee (ก.ม.จ. — คณะกรรมการมาตรฐานทางจริยธรรม)** is responsible for preparing the Code of Ethics for those officials/employees. |
| 23 | Under Section 42 of the Administrative Procedure Act B.E. 2539 (มาตรา 42), when does an Administrative Order take legal effect, and does filing an appeal automatically suspend enforcement? | An administrative order takes effect from the moment the recipient is notified of it (มีผลใช้ยันตั้งแต่ขณะที่ผู้นั้นได้รับแจ้ง), and remains in force until revoked or expired. Under Section 44 paragraph 3, filing an appeal does NOT automatically suspend execution (การอุทธรณ์ไม่เป็นเหตุให้ทุเลาการบังคับตามคำสั่งทางปกครอง) unless a suspension order (คำสั่งทุเลาการบังคับ) is granted. | This reflects the administrative law presumption of validity and continuity of public service. | A) The injured person must sue the **Government Agency (หน่วยงานของรัฐ)** directly and is **PROHIBITED from suing the official personally** (ห้ามฟ้องเจ้าหน้าที่).; B) An administrative order takes effect from the moment the recipient is notified of it (มีผลใช้ยันตั้งแต่ขณะที่ผู้นั้นได้รับแจ้ง), and remains in force until revoked or expired. Under Section 44 paragraph 3, filing an appeal does NOT automatically suspend execution (การอุทธรณ์ไม่เป็นเหตุให้ทุเลาการบังคับตามคำสั่งทางปกครอง) unless a suspension order (คำสั่งทุเลาการบังคับ) is granted. ✓; C) 1) Section 151: An official having the duty to buy, make, manage, or keep property abuses their office to cause damage to the State, Municipality, Sanitation District, or owner of the property (5–20 years…; D) 1) National Assembly and Cabinet (รัฐสภาและคณะรัฐมนตรี); 2) Organizations exercising powers under the Constitution directly; 3) Royal consideration of the King (การพิจารณาของพระมหากษัตริย์); 4) Judicial… |
| 24 | Under the Thai Criminal Code (ประมวลกฎหมายอาญา มาตรา 147), what constitutes the offense of Embezzlement by an Official Having Duty Over Property (เจ้าพนักงานยักยอกทรัพย์)? | An official who has the duty of buying, making, managing, or keeping any property dishonestly misappropriates the property for themselves or others, or dishonestly allows another person to take it. Penalty: Imprisonment from 5 to 20 years, or life imprisonment, and a fine from 100,000 to 400,000 Baht. | Key distinction: In Section 147, the official ALREADY has the specific duty to manage/keep the property (มีหน้าที่ซื้อ ทำ จัดการ หรือรักษาทรัพย์ใด). If an official WITHOUT that duty steals state property, it is general theft, not Section 147. | A) 1) Section 165: An official having the duty to execute laws or orders prevents or obstructs the execution of such laws or orders.; B) An Administrative Order (คำสั่งทางปกครอง) is an exercise of legal authority by an official that establishes, changes, transfers, reserves, suspends, or affects the legal status of a SPECIFIC person…; C) 1) Unlawful order (คำสั่งทางปกครองที่ไม่ชอบด้วยกฎหมาย): May be revoked wholly or partly, retroactively or prospectively; but if it is a beneficial order granting money/divisible property, the recipient's…; D) An official who has the duty of buying, making, managing, or keeping any property dishonestly misappropriates the property for themselves or others, or dishonestly allows another person to take it. Penalty: Imprisonment from 5 to 20 years, or life imprisonment, and a fine from 100,000 to 400,000 Baht. ✓ |
| 25 | Under Section 16 of the Administrative Procedure Act B.E. 2539 (มาตรา 16), when can an official be challenged or recuse themselves EVEN IF they do not fall under the 7 relationships in Section 13? | When there is any other fact of a serious nature (สภาพร้ายแรงอันอาจทำให้การพิจารณาทางปกครองไม่เป็นกลาง) that may cause the administrative proceeding to lack impartiality—such as personal enmity, close friendship, or financial conflict of interest. | However, under Section 18, if an act is urgent and delay would harm the public interest or cause grave damage, a disqualified official may still perform that urgent act accurately. | A) The order must state the right to appeal/contest, the person to whom the appeal must be submitted, and the appeal deadline.; B) When there is any other fact of a serious nature (สภาพร้ายแรงอันอาจทำให้การพิจารณาทางปกครองไม่เป็นกลาง) that may cause the administrative proceeding to lack impartiality—such as personal enmity, close friendship, or financial conflict of interest. ✓; C) ONLY when the official caused the damage through **Intent (จงใจ)** or **Gross Negligence (ประมาทเลินเล่ออย่างร้ายแรง)**.; D) 1) Uphold the Nation, Religion, Monarchy, and Democratic Regime with the King as Head of State; 2) Be honest, have good conscience, and be responsible to duty; 3) Dare to decide and act rightly, and not… |
| 26 | Under Section 151 and Section 152 of the Thai Criminal Code, what offenses apply to an official who abuses procurement/contracting duties or has a conflict of interest in managing an enterprise? | 1) Section 151: An official having the duty to buy, make, manage, or keep property abuses their office to cause damage to the State, Municipality, Sanitation District, or owner of the property (5–20 years or life imprisonment). 2) Section 152: An official having the duty to manage or supervise any activity takes an interest (เข้ามีส่วนได้เสีย) for the benefit of themselves or others in connection with that activity (1–10 years imprisonment). | For example, a procurement officer steering a state contract to a company secretly owned by their spouse violates Section 152 (and potentially Section 151). | A) The Ethical Standards Act B.E.; B) When there is any other fact of a serious nature (สภาพร้ายแรงอันอาจทำให้การพิจารณาทางปกครองไม่เป็นกลาง) that may cause the administrative proceeding to lack impartiality—such as personal enmity, close…; C) 1) Section 151: An official having the duty to buy, make, manage, or keep property abuses their office to cause damage to the State, Municipality, Sanitation District, or owner of the property (5–20 years or life imprisonment). 2) Section 152: An official having the duty to manage or supervise any activity takes an interest (เข้ามีส่วนได้เสีย) for the benefit of themselves or others in connection with that activity (1–10 years imprisonment). ✓; D) For orders to pay money: the agency issues a written warning (>7 days), and if unpaid, the head of the agency may issue a seizure/attachment order (คำสั่งยึดหรืออายัดทรัพย์สิน) and sell by public auction… |
| 27 | Under Section 6 paragraph 4 of the Ethical Standards Act B.E. 2562, which body is responsible for preparing the Code of Ethics for state employees, temporary employees, or agencies that do NOT have a specific Central Personnel Agency? | The **Ethical Standards Committee (ก.ม.จ. — คณะกรรมการมาตรฐานทางจริยธรรม)** is responsible for preparing the Code of Ethics for those officials/employees. | Wait for this trap on the exam: If an agency HAS a Central Personnel Agency (องค์กรกลางบริหารงานบุคคล, such as ก.พ. for ordinary civil servants or ก.อบต./ก.ท./ก.จ. for local officials), that body drafts the code; if NONE exists, ก.ม.จ. drafts it. | A) When there is any other fact of a serious nature (สภาพร้ายแรงอันอาจทำให้การพิจารณาทางปกครองไม่เป็นกลาง) that may cause the administrative proceeding to lack impartiality—such as personal enmity, close…; B) 1) Unlawful order (คำสั่งทางปกครองที่ไม่ชอบด้วยกฎหมาย): May be revoked wholly or partly, retroactively or prospectively; but if it is a beneficial order granting money/divisible property, the recipient's…; C) The **Ethical Standards Committee (ก.ม.จ. — คณะกรรมการมาตรฐานทางจริยธรรม)** is responsible for preparing the Code of Ethics for those officials/employees. ✓; D) 1) Section 148 (Extortion in Office): An official wrongfully uses their official power to COERCE or INDUCE (ข่มขืนใจหรือจูงใจ) any person to give or procure property/benefit when the victim knows they… |
| 28 | Under Sections 63/1–63/25 (added by the 3rd Amendment B.E. 2562) of the Administrative Procedure Act B.E. 2539, how is Administrative Enforcement (การบังคับทางปกครอง) carried out? | For orders to pay money: the agency issues a written warning (>7 days), and if unpaid, the head of the agency may issue a seizure/attachment order (คำสั่งยึดหรืออายัดทรัพย์สิน) and sell by public auction without needing a court judgment first (within 10 years). For orders to act or refrain from acting: the agency may use Substitute Execution at the party's expense (เข้าดำเนินการด้วยตนเองโดยคิดค่าใช้จ่าย) or impose an Administrative Fine (ค่าปรับทางปกครอง up to 50,000 THB/day). | Before applying substitute execution or daily administrative fines, the official must always issue a written warning (คำเตือนเป็นหนังสือ) specifying a reasonable compliance period. | A) For orders to pay money: the agency issues a written warning (>7 days), and if unpaid, the head of the agency may issue a seizure/attachment order (คำสั่งยึดหรืออายัดทรัพย์สิน) and sell by public auction without needing a court judgment first (within 10 years). For orders to act or refrain from acting: the agency may use Substitute Execution at the party's expense (เข้าดำเนินการด้วยตนเองโดยคิดค่าใช้จ่าย) or impose an Administrative Fine (ค่าปรับทางปกครอง up to 50,000 THB/day). ✓; B) 1) When the agency pays compensation to an injured third party and seeks recourse (ไล่เบี้ย) against the official (Section 9): **1 year** from the date the agency paid compensation according to the court…; C) 1) Uphold the Nation, Religion, Monarchy, and Democratic Regime with the King as Head of State; 2) Be honest, have good conscience, and be responsible to duty; 3) Dare to decide and act rightly, and not…; D) 1) A natural person (บุคคลธรรมดา); 2) A juristic person (นิติบุคคล); 3) A group of persons or non-juristic body whose rights are affected; 4) Anyone allowed by law. |
| 29 | Under Section 30 of the Administrative Procedure Act B.E. 2539 (มาตรา 30), what is the 'Right to Be Heard' (หลักฟังความทุกฝ่าย — Audi alteram partem) and when can it be waived? | Before issuing an administrative order that may adversely affect a party's rights, the official must give the party an opportunity to know the material facts and present counter-arguments/evidence. Exceptions (ข้อยกเว้น): 1) Urgent public danger; 2) Would defeat the enforcement period; 3) Facts were provided by the party themselves; 4) Nature of the order makes hearing impossible (e.g., exam grading); 5) Measures of administrative execution. | Failing to give prior notice and opportunity to be heard under Section 30 when no exception applies renders the order procedurally defective (though curable before appeal resolution under Section 41). | A) 1) Unlawful order (คำสั่งทางปกครองที่ไม่ชอบด้วยกฎหมาย): May be revoked wholly or partly, retroactively or prospectively; but if it is a beneficial order granting money/divisible property, the recipient's…; B) The agency must appoint an investigation committee and issue an order deciding the compensation claim within **180 days** (ภายใน 180 วัน).; C) Before issuing an administrative order that may adversely affect a party's rights, the official must give the party an opportunity to know the material facts and present counter-arguments/evidence. Exceptions (ข้อยกเว้น): 1) Urgent public danger; 2) Would defeat the enforcement period; 3) Facts were provided by the party themselves; 4) Nature of the order makes hearing impossible (e.g., exam grading); 5) Measures of administrative execution. ✓; D) They hold office for a term of **3 years** (วาระละ 3 ปี) and may be reappointed, but may **NOT serve for more than two consecutive terms** (ติดต่อกันเกินสองวาระไม่ได้). |
| 30 | Under Section 157 of the Thai Criminal Code (ประมวลกฎหมายอาญา มาตรา 157), what are the two prongs of General Malfeasance in Office (เจ้าพนักงานปฏิบัติหรือละเว้นการปฏิบัติหน้าที่โดยมิชอบ)? | Any official who: 1) Wrongfully exercises or omits to exercise any of their duties **in order to cause injury to any person (เพื่อให้เกิดความเสียหายแก่ผู้หนึ่งผู้ใด)**, OR 2) **Dishonestly exercises or omits to exercise any of their duties (ปฏิบัติหรือละเว้นการปฏิบัติหน้าที่โดยทุจริต)**. Penalty: Imprisonment from 1 to 10 years, or a fine from 20,000 to 200,000 Baht, or both. | Section 157 is the general subsidiary offense (บททั่วไป): it applies when an official's misconduct does not fall under a more specific provision like Sections 147–156. | A) 1) Chairperson: **Prime Minister or a Deputy Prime Minister** assigned by the Prime Minister; 2) Vice-Chairperson: Representative of the **Civil Service Commission (ก.พ.)** elected by ก.พ.; 3) Ex-officio…; B) 1) A natural person (บุคคลธรรมดา); 2) A juristic person (นิติบุคคล); 3) A group of persons or non-juristic body whose rights are affected; 4) Anyone allowed by law.; C) Any official who: 1) Wrongfully exercises or omits to exercise any of their duties **in order to cause injury to any person (เพื่อให้เกิดความเสียหายแก่ผู้หนึ่งผู้ใด)**, OR 2) **Dishonestly exercises or omits to exercise any of their duties (ปฏิบัติหรือละเว้นการปฏิบัติหน้าที่โดยทุจริต)**. Penalty: Imprisonment from 1 to 10 years, or a fine from 20,000 to 200,000 Baht, or both. ✓; D) The injured person must sue the **Government Agency (หน่วยงานของรัฐ)** directly and is **PROHIBITED from suing the official personally** (ห้ามฟ้องเจ้าหน้าที่). |
| 31 | Under Section 54 of the Administrative Procedure Act B.E. 2539 (มาตรา 54), when and within what timeframe may a party request 'Reconsideration' (การขอให้พิจารณาใหม่) of a final administrative order? | When: 1) New evidence/facts emerge that would have led to a more favorable outcome; 2) Changed facts or laws make enforcement inappropriate; 3) A defect under Section 13 (disqualified official) occurred. The request must be filed within **90 days** (ภายใน 90 วัน) from the date the party learned of the ground for reconsideration. | Do not confuse Appeal (การอุทธรณ์ = 15 days under Section 44) with Request for Reconsideration (การขอให้พิจารณาใหม่ = 90 days under Section 54). | A) 1) Account is taken of the degree of gravity of the act and fairness (ไม่ต้องรับผิดเต็มจำนวนเสมอไป — need not be 100%); 2) If damage was partly caused by flaws in the agency's organizational system or…; B) When: 1) New evidence/facts emerge that would have led to a more favorable outcome; 2) Changed facts or laws make enforcement inappropriate; 3) A defect under Section 13 (disqualified official) occurred. The request must be filed within **90 days** (ภายใน 90 วัน) from the date the party learned of the ground for reconsideration. ✓; C) 1) Section 165: An official having the duty to execute laws or orders prevents or obstructs the execution of such laws or orders.; D) When there is any other fact of a serious nature (สภาพร้ายแรงอันอาจทำให้การพิจารณาทางปกครองไม่เป็นกลาง) that may cause the administrative proceeding to lack impartiality—such as personal enmity, close… |
| 32 | Under Section 5 of the Ethical Standards Act B.E. 2562 (พ.ร.บ. มาตรฐานทางจริยธรรม พ.ศ. 2562 มาตรา 5), what are the 7 Core Ethical Standards (มาตรฐานทางจริยธรรม 7 ประการ) required of all state officials? | 1) Uphold the Nation, Religion, Monarchy, and Democratic Regime with the King as Head of State; 2) Be honest, have good conscience, and be responsible to duty; 3) Dare to decide and act rightly, and not tolerate corruption; 4) Think of the public interest more than personal interest, and have public-mindedness; 5) Focus on work achievement (มุ่งผลสัมฤทธิ์ของงาน); 6) Perform duties fairly without discrimination; 7) Be a good role model and maintain the honor and image of government officials. | These 7 Core Ethical Standards in Section 5 must be used by every Central Personnel Agency (องค์กรกลางบริหารงานบุคคล) to draft their Code of Ethics (ประมวลจริยธรรม). | A) ก.ม.จ. must review the Core Ethical Standards **every 5 years** (ทุกรอบระยะเวลา 5 ปี), or sooner if situations change significantly, and report annual implementation summaries to the Cabinet.; B) An administrative order may be issued in writing, verbally, or by other means (signs/signals) aslong as its meaning is clear.; C) 1) Uphold the Nation, Religion, Monarchy, and Democratic Regime with the King as Head of State; 2) Be honest, have good conscience, and be responsible to duty; 3) Dare to decide and act rightly, and not tolerate corruption; 4) Think of the public interest more than personal interest, and have public-mindedness; 5) Focus on work achievement (มุ่งผลสัมฤทธิ์ของงาน); 6) Perform duties fairly without discrimination; 7) Be a good role model and maintain the honor and image of government officials. ✓; D) 1) Account is taken of the degree of gravity of the act and fairness (ไม่ต้องรับผิดเต็มจำนวนเสมอไป — need not be 100%); 2) If damage was partly caused by flaws in the agency's organizational system or… |

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