# UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer: Science (Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Earth Science), Mathematics & Reading Comprehension

> Covers high-yield Philippine college admission test (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET) and NMAT concepts across Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Earth Science/PAGASA, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, and English/Filipino reading comprehension.

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- **Level:** basic
- **Languages:** en → en
- **Total Cards:** 32

## Flashcards (32 Cards)

| # | Front (Term / Prompt) | Back (Definition / Answer) | Example | Multiple-Choice Options |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 1 | In NMAT Biology, which heart valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle, and which vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium? | The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle; the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) monitors weather/typhoons; PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology) monitors volcanoes and earthquakes.; B) Equivalent resistance Req = 1 Ω (since 1/Req = 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/6 = 6/6 = 1). Total current I = V / Req = 12 V / 1 Ω = 12 A.; C) 1. Sensorimotor (0–2 yrs), 2. Preoperational (2–7 yrs), 3. Concrete Operational (7–11 yrs), 4. Formal Operational (12+ yrs).; D) The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle; the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. ✓ |
| 2 | In UPCAT Combinatorics, how many distinct permutations can be formed from all the letters of the word 'MISSISSIPPI'? | 34,650 permutations, calculated as 11! / (1! × 4! × 4! × 2!) for 1 M, 4 I's, 4 S's, and 2 P's. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture; cultural relativism is understanding a culture's beliefs and practices from that culture's own perspective.; B) The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle; the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.; C) 34,650 permutations, calculated as 11! / (1! × 4! × 4! × 2!) for 1 M, 4 I's, 4 S's, and 2 P's. ✓; D) Across a period (left to right): atomic radius decreases and electronegativity increases. Down a group: atomic radius increases and electronegativity decreases. |
| 3 | In Physics Optics, what type of image is always formed by a diverging (concave) lens or a convex mirror for a real object? | Always virtual, upright (erect), and reduced (diminished) in size. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) 34,650 permutations, calculated as 11! / (1! × 4! × 4! × 2!) for 1 M, 4 I's, 4 S's, and 2 P's.; B) Always virtual, upright (erect), and reduced (diminished) in size. ✓; C) Conservation of energy: ΔU = Q - W, where Q is positive when heat is added to the system and W is positive when work is done by the system on its surroundings.; D) PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) monitors weather/typhoons; PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology) monitors volcanoes and earthquakes. |
| 4 | In UPCAT Earth Science, what is the Mohs Hardness Scale ordering from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest)? | 1 Talc, 2 Gypsum, 3 Calcite, 4 Fluorite, 5 Apatite, 6 Orthoclase Feldspar, 7 Quartz, 8 Topaz, 9 Corundum, 10 Diamond. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Hypertonic: water leaves the cell causing crenation (shrinking); Isotonic: no net water movement; Hypotonic: water enters the cell causing hemolysis (swelling and bursting).; B) Aldehydes have a terminal carbonyl group (R-CHO), whereas ketones have an internal carbonyl group (R-CO-R').; C) 1 Talc, 2 Gypsum, 3 Calcite, 4 Fluorite, 5 Apatite, 6 Orthoclase Feldspar, 7 Quartz, 8 Topaz, 9 Corundum, 10 Diamond. ✓; D) 'Nang' is used as a conjunction ('when'/'so that'), before adverbs of manner, between repeated verbs (e.g., takbo nang takbo), and as 'na + na/ng'. |
| 5 | In UPCAT/NMAT Biology, what are the distinct stages of mitosis in order and what happens at metaphase? | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT). During Metaphase, chromosomes align along the equatorial (metaphase) plate attached to spindle fibers at their kinetochores. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) The Philippine Trench (and East Luzon Trough), while the Manila Trench lies to the west where the Sunda Plate subducts.; B) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT). During Metaphase, chromosomes align along the equatorial (metaphase) plate attached to spindle fibers at their kinetochores. ✓; C) Always virtual, upright (erect), and reduced (diminished) in size.; D) Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture; cultural relativism is understanding a culture's beliefs and practices from that culture's own perspective. |
| 6 | In UPCAT Biology, which plant hormones are responsible for phototropism/apical dominance, fruit ripening, and seed dormancy, respectively? | Auxin drives phototropism and apical dominance; Ethylene promotes fruit ripening; Abscisic acid (ABA) maintains seed dormancy and closes stomata during drought. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Genotypic ratio: 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt (1:2:1). Phenotypic ratio: 3 Tall : 1 Short (3:1).; B) Across a period (left to right): atomic radius decreases and electronegativity increases. Down a group: atomic radius increases and electronegativity decreases.; C) Pagtutulad = Simile; Pagwawangis = Metaphor; Pagtatao (Personipikasyon) = Personification; Pagmamalabis (Eksaherasyon) = Hyperbole.; D) Auxin drives phototropism and apical dominance; Ethylene promotes fruit ripening; Abscisic acid (ABA) maintains seed dormancy and closes stomata during drought. ✓ |
| 7 | In UPCAT Algebra, if log_2(x) + log_2(x - 2) = 3, what is the value of x? | x = 4. Combining logs gives log_2(x(x - 2)) = 3 => x² - 2x = 2³ = 8 => (x - 4)(x + 2) = 0. Since log arguments must be positive, x = 4. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) x = 4. Combining logs gives log_2(x(x - 2)) = 3 => x² - 2x = 2³ = 8 => (x - 4)(x + 2) = 0. Since log arguments must be positive, x = 4. ✓; B) 'Nang' is used as a conjunction ('when'/'so that'), before adverbs of manner, between repeated verbs (e.g., takbo nang takbo), and as 'na + na/ng'.; C) Auxin drives phototropism and apical dominance; Ethylene promotes fruit ripening; Abscisic acid (ABA) maintains seed dormancy and closes stomata during drought.; D) Amihan (Northeast Monsoon): cool, dry air from November to February/March; Habagat (Southwest Monsoon): warm, humid, rain-bearing winds from June to October. |
| 8 | In UPCAT Geometry, what is the equation of a circle with center (h, k) and radius r, and what are the center and radius of x² + y² - 6x + 8y = 0? | Standard form: (x - h)² + (y - k)² = r². Completing the square gives (x - 3)² + (y + 4)² = 25, so center is (3, -4) and radius r = 5. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Use 'rin/raw/rito' when the preceding word ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or the semivowels 'w' and 'y'; use 'din/daw/dito' when the preceding word ends in a consonant (except w and y, or after…; B) 1 Talc, 2 Gypsum, 3 Calcite, 4 Fluorite, 5 Apatite, 6 Orthoclase Feldspar, 7 Quartz, 8 Topaz, 9 Corundum, 10 Diamond.; C) Standard form: (x - h)² + (y - k)² = r². Completing the square gives (x - 3)² + (y + 4)² = 25, so center is (3, -4) and radius r = 5. ✓; D) pH = 3, because HCl is a strong monoprotic acid ([H+] = 10^-3 M, and pH = -log[10^-3] = 3). |
| 9 | In NMAT Social Science (Sociology), what is the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism? | Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture; cultural relativism is understanding a culture's beliefs and practices from that culture's own perspective. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture; cultural relativism is understanding a culture's beliefs and practices from that culture's own perspective. ✓; B) Auxin drives phototropism and apical dominance; Ethylene promotes fruit ripening; Abscisic acid (ABA) maintains seed dormancy and closes stomata during drought.; C) PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) monitors weather/typhoons; PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology) monitors volcanoes and earthquakes.; D) Sum of roots (r1 + r2) = -b/a; Product of roots (r1 · r2) = c/a. |
| 10 | In UPCAT Scoring, how is the right-minus-wrong penalty calculated, and when should a test-taker make an educated guess? | UPCAT deducts 0.25 (1/4 point) for each wrong answer while leaving items blank incurs 0 deduction. If you can eliminate at least 1 or 2 wrong choices, the expected value of guessing becomes positive. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) By the Remainder Theorem, evaluate P(2) = 2(8) - 3(4) + 4(2) - 5 = 16 - 12 + 8 - 5 = 7.; B) UPCAT deducts 0.25 (1/4 point) for each wrong answer while leaving items blank incurs 0 deduction. If you can eliminate at least 1 or 2 wrong choices, the expected value of guessing becomes positive. ✓; C) Amihan (Northeast Monsoon): cool, dry air from November to February/March; Habagat (Southwest Monsoon): warm, humid, rain-bearing winds from June to October.; D) Standard form: (x - h)² + (y - k)² = r². Completing the square gives (x - 3)² + (y + 4)² = 25, so center is (3, -4) and radius r = 5. |
| 11 | In NMAT Organic Chemistry, what is the difference in functional group between an aldehyde and a ketone, and which reagent test distinguishes them? | Aldehydes have a terminal carbonyl group (R-CHO), whereas ketones have an internal carbonyl group (R-CO-R'). Tollens' reagent (silver mirror test) oxidizes aldehydes to give a silver mirror, while ketones do not react. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) x = 4. Combining logs gives log_2(x(x - 2)) = 3 => x² - 2x = 2³ = 8 => (x - 4)(x + 2) = 0. Since log arguments must be positive, x = 4.; B) Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture; cultural relativism is understanding a culture's beliefs and practices from that culture's own perspective.; C) Aldehydes have a terminal carbonyl group (R-CHO), whereas ketones have an internal carbonyl group (R-CO-R'). Tollens' reagent (silver mirror test) oxidizes aldehydes to give a silver mirror, while ketones do not react. ✓; D) Genotypic ratio: 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt (1:2:1). Phenotypic ratio: 3 Tall : 1 Short (3:1). |
| 12 | In NMAT Physics (Thermodynamics), what is the First Law of Thermodynamics and what sign convention applies to Q and W in ΔU = Q - W? | Conservation of energy: ΔU = Q - W, where Q is positive when heat is added to the system and W is positive when work is done by the system on its surroundings. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle; the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.; B) pH = 3, because HCl is a strong monoprotic acid ([H+] = 10^-3 M, and pH = -log[10^-3] = 3).; C) Conservation of energy: ΔU = Q - W, where Q is positive when heat is added to the system and W is positive when work is done by the system on its surroundings. ✓; D) sin(30°) = 1/2; cos(30°) = √3/2; sin(45°) = √2/2; tan(60°) = √3. |
| 13 | What is the net ATP yield per molecule of glucose during glycolysis, and where in the cell does glycolysis occur? | A net gain of 2 ATP (4 ATP produced minus 2 ATP invested) and 2 NADH, occurring in the cytosol (cytoplasm). | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Boyle's Law: P1V1 = P2V2 (pressure is inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature and moles).; B) A net gain of 2 ATP (4 ATP produced minus 2 ATP invested) and 2 NADH, occurring in the cytosol (cytoplasm). ✓; C) Standard form: (x - h)² + (y - k)² = r². Completing the square gives (x - 3)² + (y + 4)² = 25, so center is (3, -4) and radius r = 5.; D) Conservation of energy: ΔU = Q - W, where Q is positive when heat is added to the system and W is positive when work is done by the system on its surroundings. |
| 14 | What are the two major monsoon winds affecting the Philippines, their wind directions, and their typical seasons? | Amihan (Northeast Monsoon): cool, dry air from November to February/March; Habagat (Southwest Monsoon): warm, humid, rain-bearing winds from June to October. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Amihan (Northeast Monsoon): cool, dry air from November to February/March; Habagat (Southwest Monsoon): warm, humid, rain-bearing winds from June to October. ✓; B) Vertical velocity vy = 0 m/s; vertical acceleration ay = -g (-9.8 m/s² downward). Horizontal velocity vx = v0 cos(θ) remains constant.; C) Pagtutulad = Simile; Pagwawangis = Metaphor; Pagtatao (Personipikasyon) = Personification; Pagmamalabis (Eksaherasyon) = Hyperbole.; D) 1 Talc, 2 Gypsum, 3 Calcite, 4 Fluorite, 5 Apatite, 6 Orthoclase Feldspar, 7 Quartz, 8 Topaz, 9 Corundum, 10 Diamond. |
| 15 | In UPCAT Reading Comprehension (Filipino), what do the tayutay (figures of speech) 'Pagtutulad', 'Pagwawangis', 'Pagtatao', and 'Pagmamalabis' correspond to in English? | Pagtutulad = Simile; Pagwawangis = Metaphor; Pagtatao (Personipikasyon) = Personification; Pagmamalabis (Eksaherasyon) = Hyperbole. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Focus on asymmetric details (left-right reversal while top-bottom orientation stays unchanged) and eliminate options by checking one corner/feature at a time.; B) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT). During Metaphase, chromosomes align along the equatorial (metaphase) plate attached to spindle fibers at their kinetochores.; C) Pagtutulad = Simile; Pagwawangis = Metaphor; Pagtatao (Personipikasyon) = Personification; Pagmamalabis (Eksaherasyon) = Hyperbole. ✓; D) Aldehydes have a terminal carbonyl group (R-CHO), whereas ketones have an internal carbonyl group (R-CO-R'). |
| 16 | In Philippine Earth Science, which tectonic trench east of the Philippines is generated by the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Philippine Mobile Belt? | The Philippine Trench (and East Luzon Trough), while the Manila Trench lies to the west where the Sunda Plate subducts. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Aldehydes have a terminal carbonyl group (R-CHO), whereas ketones have an internal carbonyl group (R-CO-R').; B) 34,650 permutations, calculated as 11! / (1! × 4! × 4! × 2!) for 1 M, 4 I's, 4 S's, and 2 P's.; C) The Philippine Trench (and East Luzon Trough), while the Manila Trench lies to the west where the Sunda Plate subducts. ✓; D) Auxin drives phototropism and apical dominance; Ethylene promotes fruit ripening; Abscisic acid (ABA) maintains seed dormancy and closes stomata during drought. |
| 17 | In UPCAT/NMAT Chemistry, what is the pH of a 0.001 M HCl solution at 25°C? | pH = 3, because HCl is a strong monoprotic acid ([H+] = 10^-3 M, and pH = -log[10^-3] = 3). | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Equivalent resistance Req = 1 Ω (since 1/Req = 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/6 = 6/6 = 1). Total current I = V / Req = 12 V / 1 Ω = 12 A.; B) pH = 3, because HCl is a strong monoprotic acid ([H+] = 10^-3 M, and pH = -log[10^-3] = 3). ✓; C) 'Nang' is used as a conjunction ('when'/'so that'), before adverbs of manner, between repeated verbs (e.g., takbo nang takbo), and as 'na + na/ng'.; D) By the Remainder Theorem, evaluate P(2) = 2(8) - 3(4) + 4(2) - 5 = 16 - 12 + 8 - 5 = 7. |
| 18 | In NMAT Social Science (Psychology), what are Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development in chronological order? | 1. Sensorimotor (0–2 yrs), 2. Preoperational (2–7 yrs), 3. Concrete Operational (7–11 yrs), 4. Formal Operational (12+ yrs). | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) LEORA / GEROA (Lose Electrons = Oxidation = Reducing Agent; Gain Electrons = Reduction = Oxidizing Agent) and AN OX / RED CAT (Anode = Oxidation; Reduction = Cathode).; B) A net gain of 2 ATP (4 ATP produced minus 2 ATP invested) and 2 NADH, occurring in the cytosol (cytoplasm).; C) Always virtual, upright (erect), and reduced (diminished) in size.; D) 1. Sensorimotor (0–2 yrs), 2. Preoperational (2–7 yrs), 3. Concrete Operational (7–11 yrs), 4. Formal Operational (12+ yrs). ✓ |
| 19 | In NMAT Physics, three resistors of 2 Ω, 3 Ω, and 6 Ω are connected in parallel across a 12 V battery. What is the equivalent resistance and total current? | Equivalent resistance Req = 1 Ω (since 1/Req = 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/6 = 6/6 = 1). Total current I = V / Req = 12 V / 1 Ω = 12 A. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Equivalent resistance Req = 1 Ω (since 1/Req = 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/6 = 6/6 = 1). Total current I = V / Req = 12 V / 1 Ω = 12 A. ✓; B) sin(30°) = 1/2; cos(30°) = √3/2; sin(45°) = √2/2; tan(60°) = √3.; C) UPCAT deducts 0.25 (1/4 point) for each wrong answer while leaving items blank incurs 0 deduction. If you can eliminate at least 1 or 2 wrong choices, the expected value of guessing becomes positive.; D) A net gain of 2 ATP (4 ATP produced minus 2 ATP invested) and 2 NADH, occurring in the cytosol (cytoplasm). |
| 20 | In NMAT Quantitative/Perceptual Acuity, how is the Mirror Image subtest solved most efficiently? | Focus on asymmetric details (left-right reversal while top-bottom orientation stays unchanged) and eliminate options by checking one corner/feature at a time. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) 1 Talc, 2 Gypsum, 3 Calcite, 4 Fluorite, 5 Apatite, 6 Orthoclase Feldspar, 7 Quartz, 8 Topaz, 9 Corundum, 10 Diamond.; B) Focus on asymmetric details (left-right reversal while top-bottom orientation stays unchanged) and eliminate options by checking one corner/feature at a time. ✓; C) The Philippine Trench (and East Luzon Trough), while the Manila Trench lies to the west where the Sunda Plate subducts.; D) x = 4. Combining logs gives log_2(x(x - 2)) = 3 => x² - 2x = 2³ = 8 => (x - 4)(x + 2) = 0. Since log arguments must be positive, x = 4. |
| 21 | In NMAT Chemistry, which gas law relates pressure and volume at constant temperature, and what is its mathematical formula? | Boyle's Law: P1V1 = P2V2 (pressure is inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature and moles). | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Always virtual, upright (erect), and reduced (diminished) in size.; B) Use 'rin/raw/rito' when the preceding word ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or the semivowels 'w' and 'y'; use 'din/daw/dito' when the preceding word ends in a consonant (except w and y, or after…; C) The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle; the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.; D) Boyle's Law: P1V1 = P2V2 (pressure is inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature and moles). ✓ |
| 22 | In UPCAT Biology, if a heterozygous tall pea plant (Tt) is crossed with another heterozygous tall plant (Tt), what are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring? | Genotypic ratio: 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt (1:2:1). Phenotypic ratio: 3 Tall : 1 Short (3:1). | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Amihan (Northeast Monsoon): cool, dry air from November to February/March; Habagat (Southwest Monsoon): warm, humid, rain-bearing winds from June to October.; B) Sum of roots (r1 + r2) = -b/a; Product of roots (r1 · r2) = c/a.; C) Genotypic ratio: 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt (1:2:1). Phenotypic ratio: 3 Tall : 1 Short (3:1). ✓; D) Focus on asymmetric details (left-right reversal while top-bottom orientation stays unchanged) and eliminate options by checking one corner/feature at a time. |
| 23 | In Filipino Grammar, when do you use 'din/daw/dito' versus 'rin/raw/rito'? | Use 'rin/raw/rito' when the preceding word ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or the semivowels 'w' and 'y'; use 'din/daw/dito' when the preceding word ends in a consonant (except w and y, or after -ra/-ri/-raw/-ray syllables). | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Conservation of energy: ΔU = Q - W, where Q is positive when heat is added to the system and W is positive when work is done by the system on its surroundings.; B) Hypertonic: water leaves the cell causing crenation (shrinking); Isotonic: no net water movement; Hypotonic: water enters the cell causing hemolysis (swelling and bursting).; C) Equivalent resistance Req = 1 Ω (since 1/Req = 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/6 = 6/6 = 1). Total current I = V / Req = 12 V / 1 Ω = 12 A.; D) Use 'rin/raw/rito' when the preceding word ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or the semivowels 'w' and 'y'; use 'din/daw/dito' when the preceding word ends in a consonant (except w and y, or after -ra/-ri/-raw/-ray syllables). ✓ |
| 24 | In UPCAT Chemistry, how do atomic radius and electronegativity change across a period (left to right) and down a group in the periodic table? | Across a period (left to right): atomic radius decreases and electronegativity increases. Down a group: atomic radius increases and electronegativity decreases. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Sum of roots (r1 + r2) = -b/a; Product of roots (r1 · r2) = c/a.; B) 1. Sensorimotor (0–2 yrs), 2. Preoperational (2–7 yrs), 3. Concrete Operational (7–11 yrs), 4. Formal Operational (12+ yrs).; C) Across a period (left to right): atomic radius decreases and electronegativity increases. Down a group: atomic radius increases and electronegativity decreases. ✓; D) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT). During Metaphase, chromosomes align along the equatorial (metaphase) plate attached to spindle fibers at their kinetochores. |
| 25 | In NMAT Chemistry, which oxidation-reduction mnemonic describes electron transfer and behavior at the anode and cathode? | LEORA / GEROA (Lose Electrons = Oxidation = Reducing Agent; Gain Electrons = Reduction = Oxidizing Agent) and AN OX / RED CAT (Anode = Oxidation; Reduction = Cathode). | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT). During Metaphase, chromosomes align along the equatorial (metaphase) plate attached to spindle fibers at their kinetochores.; B) LEORA / GEROA (Lose Electrons = Oxidation = Reducing Agent; Gain Electrons = Reduction = Oxidizing Agent) and AN OX / RED CAT (Anode = Oxidation; Reduction = Cathode). ✓; C) Boyle's Law: P1V1 = P2V2 (pressure is inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature and moles).; D) 34,650 permutations, calculated as 11! / (1! × 4! × 4! × 2!) for 1 M, 4 I's, 4 S's, and 2 P's. |
| 26 | In UPCAT Mathematics, what are the sum and product of the roots of the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 (Vieta's Formulas)? | Sum of roots (r1 + r2) = -b/a; Product of roots (r1 · r2) = c/a. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Pagtutulad = Simile; Pagwawangis = Metaphor; Pagtatao (Personipikasyon) = Personification; Pagmamalabis (Eksaherasyon) = Hyperbole.; B) LEORA / GEROA (Lose Electrons = Oxidation = Reducing Agent; Gain Electrons = Reduction = Oxidizing Agent) and AN OX / RED CAT (Anode = Oxidation; Reduction = Cathode).; C) The Philippine Trench (and East Luzon Trough), while the Manila Trench lies to the west where the Sunda Plate subducts.; D) Sum of roots (r1 + r2) = -b/a; Product of roots (r1 · r2) = c/a. ✓ |
| 27 | In UPCAT Trigonometry, what are the exact values of sin(30°), cos(30°), sin(45°), and tan(60°)? | sin(30°) = 1/2; cos(30°) = √3/2; sin(45°) = √2/2; tan(60°) = √3. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) 1. Sensorimotor (0–2 yrs), 2. Preoperational (2–7 yrs), 3. Concrete Operational (7–11 yrs), 4. Formal Operational (12+ yrs).; B) sin(30°) = 1/2; cos(30°) = √3/2; sin(45°) = √2/2; tan(60°) = √3. ✓; C) By the Remainder Theorem, evaluate P(2) = 2(8) - 3(4) + 4(2) - 5 = 16 - 12 + 8 - 5 = 7.; D) Boyle's Law: P1V1 = P2V2 (pressure is inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature and moles). |
| 28 | In NMAT & UPCAT Cell Biology, how does a red blood cell respond when placed in a hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic solution? | Hypertonic: water leaves the cell causing crenation (shrinking); Isotonic: no net water movement; Hypotonic: water enters the cell causing hemolysis (swelling and bursting). | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) pH = 3, because HCl is a strong monoprotic acid ([H+] = 10^-3 M, and pH = -log[10^-3] = 3).; B) x = 4. Combining logs gives log_2(x(x - 2)) = 3 => x² - 2x = 2³ = 8 => (x - 4)(x + 2) = 0. Since log arguments must be positive, x = 4.; C) Hypertonic: water leaves the cell causing crenation (shrinking); Isotonic: no net water movement; Hypotonic: water enters the cell causing hemolysis (swelling and bursting). ✓; D) UPCAT deducts 0.25 (1/4 point) for each wrong answer while leaving items blank incurs 0 deduction. If you can eliminate at least 1 or 2 wrong choices, the expected value of guessing becomes positive. |
| 29 | In UPCAT/ACET Filipino Grammar, when do you use 'nang' (four letters) versus 'ng' (two letters)? | 'Nang' is used as a conjunction ('when'/'so that'), before adverbs of manner, between repeated verbs (e.g., takbo nang takbo), and as 'na + na/ng'. 'Ng' is used to show possession ('of') and to mark direct objects of actions. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) 'Nang' is used as a conjunction ('when'/'so that'), before adverbs of manner, between repeated verbs (e.g., takbo nang takbo), and as 'na + na/ng'. 'Ng' is used to show possession ('of') and to mark direct objects of actions. ✓; B) UPCAT deducts 0.25 (1/4 point) for each wrong answer while leaving items blank incurs 0 deduction. If you can eliminate at least 1 or 2 wrong choices, the expected value of guessing becomes positive.; C) Genotypic ratio: 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt (1:2:1). Phenotypic ratio: 3 Tall : 1 Short (3:1).; D) Vertical velocity vy = 0 m/s; vertical acceleration ay = -g (-9.8 m/s² downward). Horizontal velocity vx = v0 cos(θ) remains constant. |
| 30 | In UPCAT Earth Science, which agency in the Philippines monitors typhoons and earthquakes, respectively? | PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) monitors weather/typhoons; PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology) monitors volcanoes and earthquakes. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) monitors weather/typhoons; PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology) monitors volcanoes and earthquakes. ✓; B) Across a period (left to right): atomic radius decreases and electronegativity increases. Down a group: atomic radius increases and electronegativity decreases.; C) sin(30°) = 1/2; cos(30°) = √3/2; sin(45°) = √2/2; tan(60°) = √3.; D) LEORA / GEROA (Lose Electrons = Oxidation = Reducing Agent; Gain Electrons = Reduction = Oxidizing Agent) and AN OX / RED CAT (Anode = Oxidation; Reduction = Cathode). |
| 31 | In UPCAT Mathematics, what is the remainder when P(x) = 2x³ - 3x² + 4x - 5 is divided by (x - 2)? | By the Remainder Theorem, evaluate P(2) = 2(8) - 3(4) + 4(2) - 5 = 16 - 12 + 8 - 5 = 7. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) A net gain of 2 ATP (4 ATP produced minus 2 ATP invested) and 2 NADH, occurring in the cytosol (cytoplasm).; B) Vertical velocity vy = 0 m/s; vertical acceleration ay = -g (-9.8 m/s² downward). Horizontal velocity vx = v0 cos(θ) remains constant.; C) Use 'rin/raw/rito' when the preceding word ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or the semivowels 'w' and 'y'; use 'din/daw/dito' when the preceding word ends in a consonant (except w and y, or after…; D) By the Remainder Theorem, evaluate P(2) = 2(8) - 3(4) + 4(2) - 5 = 16 - 12 + 8 - 5 = 7. ✓ |
| 32 | In UPCAT/NMAT Physics, a projectile is launched from the ground with initial velocity v0 at angle θ. At the highest point of its trajectory, what are its vertical velocity and vertical acceleration? | Vertical velocity vy = 0 m/s; vertical acceleration ay = -g (-9.8 m/s² downward). Horizontal velocity vx = v0 cos(θ) remains constant. | High-yield exam verification (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors. | A) Vertical velocity vy = 0 m/s; vertical acceleration ay = -g (-9.8 m/s² downward). Horizontal velocity vx = v0 cos(θ) remains constant. ✓; B) Standard form: (x - h)² + (y - k)² = r². Completing the square gives (x - 3)² + (y + 4)² = 25, so center is (3, -4) and radius r = 5.; C) Focus on asymmetric details (left-right reversal while top-bottom orientation stays unchanged) and eliminate options by checking one corner/feature at a time.; D) Hypertonic: water leaves the cell causing crenation (shrinking); Isotonic: no net water movement; Hypotonic: water enters the cell causing hemolysis (swelling and bursting). |

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