# Pakistan FPSC CSS Competitive Examination: Pakistan Affairs (1857–1947 Movement, 1973 Constitution & Amendments), Current Affairs, Islamiat & General Science/Ability

> Covers the Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC) Central Superior Services (CSS) & Provincial PMS exams in Pakistan: Pakistan Affairs (712 AD–1947 Freedom Movement, Sir Syed, Iqbal, Jinnah, Post-1947 Constitutional History, 1973 Constitution & 1st–26th Amendments), Current Affairs (CPEC, SCO, Geopolitics), Islamiat, and General Science & Ability (GSA).

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- **Level:** intermediate
- **Languages:** en → en
- **Total Cards:** 32

## Flashcards (32 Cards)

| # | Front (Term / Prompt) | Back (Definition / Answer) | Example | Multiple-Choice Options |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 1 | In FPSC CSS Pakistan Affairs (1973 Constitution Structure), what is the current seat composition of the National Assembly and the Senate of Pakistan (following the 25th Constitutional Amendment merging FATA with KP)? | Under Articles 51 and 59 (post-25th Amendment): The National Assembly has 336 total seats—266 General Seats (Punjab 141, Sindh 61, KP 45, Balochistan 16, Islamabad Capital Territory 3), 60 seats reserved for Women (Punjab 32, Sindh 14, KP 10, Balochistan 4), and 10 seats reserved for Non-Muslims/Minorities (5-year term). The Senate has 96 total seats (23 from each of the 4 provinces: 14 General, 4 Women, 4 Technocrats/Ulema, 1 Non-Muslim = 92; plus 4 from Islamabad Capital Territory: 2 General, 1 Woman, 1 Technocrat)—senators serve a 6-year term with half retiring every 3 years. |  |  |
| 2 | In FPSC CSS General Science & Ability (Vitamins & Deficiency Diseases), classify Vitamins into Fat-Soluble vs. Water-Soluble and state the chemical name and deficiency disease of each. | Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, K—stored in liver/adipose tissue): Vitamin A (Retinol) -> Night blindness (Nyctalopia) & Xerophthalmia; Vitamin D (Calciferol) -> Rickets in children & Osteomalacia in adults; Vitamin E (Tocopherol—antioxidant) -> Hemolytic anemia & sterility/reproductive failure; Vitamin K (Phylloquinone/Menaquinone) -> Impaired blood clotting / hemorrhage (needed for prothrombin Factors II, VII, IX, X). Water-Soluble Vitamins (B-complex & C): B1 (Thiamine) -> Beriberi / Wernicke-Korsakoff; B2 (Riboflavin) -> Cheilosis/Ariboflavinosis; B3 (Niacin) -> Pellagra (3 D's: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia); B6 (Pyridoxine) -> Peripheral neuropathy/anemia; B9 (Folic Acid) -> Megaloblastic anemia & neural tube defects in pregnancy; B12 (Cyanocobalamin—contains Cobalt) -> Pernicious anemia; Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) -> Scurvy (bleeding gums, poor wound/collagen healing). |  |  |
| 3 | In FPSC CSS Islamiat (Seerah & Early Islamic History), trace the chronological milestones of the Madinan Period from the Hijrah (622 AD / 1 AH) to the Farewell Sermon (10 AH). | 1 AH (622 AD): Hijrah to Madinah, construction of Masjid-e-Nabawi, Mawakhat-e-Madinah (Brotherhood between Ansar and Muhajireen), and the Charter of Madinah (Mithaq-e-Madinah—world's first written pluralistic constitution with 47–52 clauses granting religious freedom and collective defense). 2 AH (624 AD): Change of Qiblah, obligation of Fasting & Zakat, and Battle of Badr (17th Ramadan, 313 Muslims vs. 1,000 Quraish). 3 AH (625 AD): Battle of Uhud. 5 AH (627 AD): Battle of the Trench / Ahzab (Khandaq, strategy suggested by Hazrat Salman Farsi RA). 6 AH (628 AD): Treaty of Hudaybiyyah (called 'Fath-e-Mubeen' / Clear Victory in Surah Al-Fath) & Bay'at al-Ridwan. 7 AH (629 AD): Conquest of Khaybar & diplomatic letters to world emperors (Heraclius, Chosroes, Negus, Muqawqis). 8 AH (630 AD): Peaceful Conquest of Makkah (Fath-e-Makkah, general amnesty), Battles of Hunayn & Mu'tah. 9 AH: Expedition of Tabuk ('Year of Delegations' / Aam-ul-Wufood). 10 AH (632 AD): Hajjat-ul-Wida (Farewell Pilgrimage & Sermon at Uranah Valley of Arafat—universal charter of human rights, racial equality, women's rights, and abolition of usury/blood feuds). |  |  |
| 4 | In FPSC CSS General Science & Ability (Quantitative Ability), how do you calculate the angle between the hour hand and the minute hand of a clock at any time H:M (e.g., at 4:20)? | Use the Clock Angle Formula: θ = \|30H - (11/2)M\| degrees. At 4:20 (H = 4, M = 20): θ = \|30(4) - (11/2)(20)\| = \|120 - 110\| = 10°. |  |  |
| 5 | In FPSC CSS Pakistan Affairs (Constitutional Amendments), summarize the landmark 1st, 2nd, 8th, 13th, 17th, and 18th Amendments to the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan. | 1st Amendment (1974): redefined boundaries of Pakistan after recognition of Bangladesh. 2nd Amendment (1974): declared Ahmadis/Qadianis non-Muslims under Article 260(3). 8th Amendment (1985 under Gen. Zia-ul-Haq): inserted Article 58(2)(b) empowering the President to dissolve the National Assembly at his discretion, shifting toward a semi-presidential system. 13th Amendment (1997 under Nawaz Sharif): repealed Article 58(2)(b) (later restored by the 17th Amendment in 2003 under Gen. Pervez Musharraf). 18th Amendment (April 2010):landmark devolution reform that repealed Article 58(2)(b) permanently, abolished the Concurrent Legislative List (transferring education, health, labour, and 17 federal ministries to the provinces), strengthened the Council of Common Interests (CCI) and 7th NFC Award protection (Article 160(3A)), added Right to Fair Trial (Art. 10A), Right to Information (Art. 19A), and Right to Free & Compulsory Education for ages 5–16 (Art. 25A), renamed NWFP to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), and created the Judicial Commission of Pakistan (Art. 175A). |  |  |
| 6 | In FPSC CSS Current Affairs & Pakistan Affairs (CPEC), when was the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) launched, what is its geographic route from Kashgar to Gwadar, and what are the phases of CPEC (Phase I vs. Phase II)? | Launched in April 2015 during Chinese President Xi Jinping's visit to Islamabad (~$62 billion flagship corridor of China's Belt and Road Initiative - BRI), linking Kashgar in Xinjiang (via Khunjerab Pass & Karakoram Highway N-35) to the deep-sea port of Gwadar on the Arabian Sea near the Strait of Hormuz. Phase I (2015–2020) solved acute bottlenecks in Early Harvest Energy Projects (>8,000 MW added) and transport infrastructure (Motorways M-5 Multan-Sukkur, Hakla-D.I. Khan, ML-1 railway upgrade, Gwadar Port/Airport, Orange Line Metro). Phase II focuses on industrialization via 9 Priority Special Economic Zones (SEZs—Rashakai in KP, Dhabeji in Sindh, Allama Iqbal in Faisalabad, Bostan in Balochistan), agricultural modernization, IT/digital corridors, and social-sector cooperation. |  |  |
| 7 | In FPSC CSS General Science & Ability (Astronomy & Earth Science), list the planets of our Solar System in order from the Sun, compare Solar vs. Lunar Eclipses, and describe the internal layers of the Earth and Atmosphere. | 8 Planets: Terrestrial/Inner rocky planets (Mercury, Venus—hottest planet due to runaway greenhouse CO2 atmosphere and rotates clockwise/east-to-west, Earth, Mars) separated by the Asteroid Belt from Jovian/Outer gas & ice giants (Jupiter—largest, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune). Solar Eclipse (Sun -> Moon -> Earth, occurs only at New Moon when Moon passes between Sun and Earth); Lunar Eclipse (Sun -> Earth -> Moon, occurs only at Full Moon when Earth's shadow falls on the Moon). Earth's Internal Layers: Crust (oceanic basalt SiMa vs. continental granite SiAl, separated from Mantle by Mohorovičić discontinuity) -> Mantle (asthenosphere drives plate tectonics, separated from Core by Gutenberg discontinuity) -> Outer Core (liquid iron-nickel, generates Earth's magnetic field) -> Inner Core (solid iron-nickel). Atmospheric Layers from surface upward: Troposphere (all weather occurs here, temperature decreases with altitude) -> Stratosphere (contains the Ozone Layer O3 at 15–35 km, temperature increases with altitude) -> Mesosphere (coldest layer, meteors burn up here) -> Thermosphere / Ionosphere (auroras, radio wave reflection) -> Exosphere. |  |  |
| 8 | In FPSC CSS Pakistan Affairs (Pre-Partition Reform Movements), compare the religious and socio-political revival movements of Mujaddid Alf Sani (Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi), Shah Waliullah, and Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi (Faraizi & Jihad Movements). | 1. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi / Mujaddid Alf Sani (1564–1624): opposed Akbar's syncretic 'Din-i-Ilahi', articulated 'Wahdat-ush-Shuhood' (Unity of Witness) vs. 'Wahdat-ul-Wujood', and influenced Jahangir and Aurangzeb toward orthodox Islamic governance. 2. Shah Waliullah (1703–1762): translated the Holy Quran into Persian (first in the subcontinent), authored 'Hujjatullah-al-Baligha', sought reconciliation between Sunni/Shia and Sufi/Juristic schools, and invited Ahmad Shah Abdali to defeat the Marathas at the Third Battle of Panipat (1761). 3. Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi (1786–1831, Jihad Movement, martyred at Balakot in 1831) & Haji Shariatullah (1781–1840, Faraizi Movement in Bengal, continued by his son Dudu Miyan): mobilized Muslims against Sikh rule in Punjab/NWFP and Hindu zamindar/British indigo exploitation in Bengal. |  |  |
| 9 | In FPSC CSS Pakistan Affairs (1919–1935 Constitutional Evolution), compare the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919), Khilafat Movement, Delhi Muslim Proposals (1927), Nehru Report (1928), Jinnah's Fourteen Points (1929), Allama Iqbal's Allahabad Address (1930), and Government of India Act 1935. | Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919): introduced 'Dyarchy' in provinces (Divided subjects into Reserved and Transferred). Khilafat Movement (1919–1924, Ali Brothers—Maulana Muhammad Ali & Shaukat Ali, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad): mass agitation to protect the Ottoman Caliphate after the Treaty of Sèvres until Kemal Atatürk abolished the Caliphate in March 1924. In response to the unitary anti-Separate Electorate Nehru Report (Aug 1928), Jinnah presented his Fourteen Points (March 1929) demanding federal autonomy, 1/3 Muslim seats in the Center, separation of Sindh from Bombay, and reforms in NWFP/Balochistan. On Dec 29, 1930 at the AIML Allahabad Session, Allama Muhammad Iqbal envisioned a consolidated northwestern Muslim state (Punjab, NWFP, Sindh, Balochistan), and Chaudhry Rehmat Ali coined the name 'PAKSTAN' in his pamphlet 'Now or Never' (Jan 1933). The Government of India Act 1935 abolished provincial Dyarchy, introduced provincial autonomy, separated Sindh from Bombay and Burma from India, and served as the interim constitution of both Pakistan and India after 1947. |  |  |
| 10 | In FPSC CSS General Science & Ability (Quantitative Ability), in how many ways can 6 people be seated around a Circular Table versus in a Straight Row? | In a straight row of n distinct people: n! = 6! = 720 ways. Around a circular table (where rotations are identical): (n - 1)! = (6 - 1)! = 5! = 120 ways (and for a reversible necklace/garland of n distinct beads: (n - 1)! / 2). |  |  |
| 11 | In FPSC CSS Islamiat (Pillars of Islam & Zakat Nisab), what are the five Pillars of Islam, the statutory Nisab thresholds and rates of Zakat and Ushr, and the 8 heads of expenditure (Masarif-e-Zakat) in Surah At-Tawbah (9:60)? | Five Pillars: Shahadah (Tauheed & Risalah), Salah (5 daily prayers made obligatory on Miraj), Zakat (made obligatory in 2 AH), Sawm (Ramadan fasting, 2 AH), and Hajj (obligatory in 9 AH once in a lifetime for those with Istita'ah). Zakat Nisab: 7.5 Tolas of Gold (~87.48 grams) OR 52.5 Tolas of Silver (~612.36 grams), or equivalent cash/trade goods held for one lunar year (Hawl), taxed at 2.5% (1/40th); mines/buried treasure (Rikaz) at 20% (Khums). Ushr (agricultural produce tax): 10% on rain-fed (Barani) land and 5% on artificially irrigated (tube-well/canal) land. Eight Masarif-e-Zakat (Surah At-Tawbah, Verse 60): 1. Fuqara (the poor), 2. Masakeen (the needy/destitute), 3. Amileen-e-Zakat (collectors/administrators), 4. Mu'allafat-ul-Quloob (those whose hearts are to be reconciled), 5. Fi-ar-Riqab (freeing captives/slaves), 6. Gharimeen (those burdened with debt), 7. Fi Sabilillah (in the cause of Allah), and 8. Ibn-us-Sabil (stranded wayfarers/travelers). |  |  |
| 12 | In FPSC CSS Pakistan Affairs & Current Affairs (Water Treaties & Geography), summarize the Indus Waters Treaty (1960), Pakistan's boundary lines with neighbors, and major mountain passes/glaciers. | Indus Waters Treaty (signed Sept 19, 1960 in Karachi by President Ayub Khan and PM Jawaharlal Nehru, brokered by the World Bank): allocated the 3 Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India and the 3 Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan, with a two-tier dispute mechanism (Permanent Indus Commission -> Neutral Expert -> Court of Arbitration). Borders: Durand Line with Afghanistan (1893, ~2,611 km), Radcliffe Line / Working Boundary / Line of Control (LoC, established after the July 2, 1972 Simla Agreement replacing the Ceasefire Line) with India, Pakistan-Iran border (Goldsmid Line, ~909 km), and Pakistan-China border (Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement of March 2, 1963, ~599 km across the Karakoram Pass). Major Glaciers (Karakoram range): Siachen (~76 km), Biafo, Baltoro, Batura, Hispar. |  |  |
| 13 | In FPSC CSS Islamiat (Islamic Economic & Financial System), distinguish between Mudarabah, Musharakah, Murabahah, Ijarah, and Takaful in Islamic Banking, and define Riba al-Nasi'ah vs. Riba al-Fadl. | Riba (usury/interest, strictly prohibited in Surah Al-Baqarah 2:275–279): Riba al-Nasi'ah is a predetermined fixed excess/interest charged over time on a loan; Riba al-Fadl is unequal exchange of homogeneous ribawi commodities on the spot. Islamic modes of finance: Mudarabah (trust financing where one party 'Rab-ul-Maal' provides 100% capital and the other 'Mudarib' provides management/expertise; profits shared per agreed ratio, financial loss borne solely by Rab-ul-Maal unless due to Mudarib's negligence); Musharakah (joint venture where ALL partners contribute capital and share profit by agreed ratio and loss strictly in proportion to capital ratio); Murabahah (cost-plus-disclosed-profit sale of an asset); Ijarah (Islamic leasing); Takaful (cooperative Islamic insurance based on Tabarru/mutual guarantee). |  |  |
| 14 | In FPSC CSS Pakistan Affairs (National Action Plan & Internal Security), what were the core pillars of Pakistan's 20-Point National Action Plan (NAP, Dec 2014) and Revised 14-Point NAP (2021)? | Adopted by national consensus after the APS Peshawar attack (Dec 16, 2014) to eradicate terrorism and extremism: zero tolerance for militant outfits across all provinces, choking terror financing (aligned with FATF AML/CFT compliance—Pakistan exited the FATF Grey List in Oct 2022), strengthening NACTA (National Counter Terrorism Authority) and provincial Counter-Terrorism Departments (CTDs), registration and curriculum reform of Madaris, preventing misuse of social media/loudspeakers for hate speech, Balochistan reconciliation, and repatriation of refugees. |  |  |
| 15 | In FPSC CSS Pakistan Affairs (Pre-Partition Viceroys of India), match the key British Governors-General / Viceroys to their major historical actions between 1848 and 1947. | Lord Dalhousie (1848–56): Doctrine of Lapse, first railway (1853) & telegraph; Lord Canning (1856–62): 1857 War of Independence & first Viceroy under Government of India Act 1858; Lord Ripon (1880–84): Local Self-Government (1882) & Ilbert Bill; Lord Dufferin (1884–88): formation of Indian National Congress (1885); Lord Curzon (1899–1905): Partition of Bengal (1905); Lord Minto II (1905–10): Simla Deputation & 1909 Reforms; Lord Hardinge (1910–16): Annulment of Partition of Bengal & shifting capital from Calcutta to Delhi (1911); Lord Chelmsford (1916–21): Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) & 1919 Reforms; Lord Irwin (1926–31): Simon Commission & Gandhi-Irwin Pact; Lord Linlithgow (1936–43): longest-serving Viceroy, 1937 Elections, Lahore Resolution (1940), August Offer & Quit India Movement (1942); Lord Wavell (1943–47): Simla Conference (1945) & Cabinet Mission (1946); Lord Mountbatten (1947): Last Viceroy, 3rd June Partition Plan. |  |  |
| 16 | In FPSC CSS Current Affairs & Economy of Pakistan, what are the chronic structural bottlenecks of Pakistan's economy ('Twin Deficits' & Circular Debt) and the key reforms required for sustainable growth? | Twin Deficits: simultaneous Fiscal Deficit (low tax-to-GDP ratio ~9–10%, narrow direct tax base excluding retail/real estate/agriculture, loss-making State-Owned Enterprises, and high debt servicing consuming >50% of federal revenues) and Current Account Deficit (import-dependent consumption, low value-added textile/IT exports, reliance on overseas remittances). Circular Debt in the power & gas sectors arises from high T&D line losses, electricity theft, unrecovered bills, and capacity payments in foreign currency to IPPs. Reforms center on FBR digitization/broadening the tax base, SOE privatization, export diversification (IT, value-added agro/manufacturing), renewable energy transition, and human capital investment. |  |  |
| 17 | In FPSC CSS Pakistan Affairs (Constitutional History 1947–1973), compare the Objectives Resolution (1949), the 1956 Constitution, the 1962 Constitution, and the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan. | 1. Objectives Resolution (passed March 12, 1949 by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan): declared that sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Almighty Allah alone and is exercised by the people of Pakistan as a sacred trust (later made a substantive, enforceable part of the 1973 Constitution via Article 2A in 1985). 2. 1956 Constitution (enforced March 23, 1956 under PM Chaudhry Muhammad Ali): Parliamentary system, unicameral legislature based on East-West Parity under the 'One Unit' scheme (1955), declared Pakistan an 'Islamic Republic'—abrogated on Oct 7, 1958 by President Iskander Mirza & Gen. Ayub Khan. 3. 1962 Constitution (enforced June 8, 1962 by Field Marshal Ayub Khan): Presidential system, unicameral indirect election through 80,000 'Basic Democrats'—abrogated on March 25, 1969 by Gen. Yahya Khan (who dissolved One Unit and held the Dec 1970 general elections under the Legal Framework Order). 4. 1973 Constitution (passed unanimously on April 10, 1973 and enforced on August 14, 1973 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto): Federal Parliamentary Republic with a Bicameral Legislature (Majlis-e-Shoora: National Assembly + Senate). |  |  |
| 18 | In FPSC CSS Current Affairs (Kashmir Issue & International Law), trace the UN Security Council Resolutions on Jammu & Kashmir (UNSCR 47 of 1948) and the legal implications of India's August 5, 2019 revocation of Articles 370 and 35A. | After the 1947–48 war, UN Security Council Resolution 47 (April 21, 1948) and subsequent UNCIP resolutions mandated that the final disposition of the State of Jammu and Kashmir shall be decided in accordance with the will of the people expressed through the democratic method of a free and impartial PLEBISCITE conducted under UN auspices. On August 5, 2019, India unilaterally revoked Articles 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution (which granted IIOJK special autonomous status and barred non-residents from buying land/settling to alter demographics) and bifurcated the territory into two Union Territories—violating UNSC resolutions and Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention against demographic alteration of occupied territory. |  |  |
| 19 | In FPSC CSS General Science & Ability (Information Technology & AI), distinguish between RAM and ROM, Compiler and Interpreter, IPv4 and IPv6, and Optical Fiber Transmission (Total Internal Reflection). | RAM (Random Access Memory): volatile read/write working memory lost when power turns off (SRAM for CPU cache, DRAM for main memory). ROM (Read-Only Memory): non-volatile permanent firmware (BIOS/UEFI). Compiler translates an entire high-level program (C++, Java) into machine object code at once before execution; Interpreter translates and executes line-by-line (Python, JavaScript). IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses (4 octets, ~4.3 billion addresses), whereas IPv6 uses 128-bit hexadecimal addresses. Optical fiber transmits high-bandwidth light pulses using Total Internal Reflection (high-refractive-index glass core surrounded by lower-refractive-index cladding). |  |  |
| 20 | In FPSC CSS Pakistan Affairs (Muslim Rulers & Sufi Saints of South Asia), trace the spread of Islam in the Subcontinent from Muhammad bin Qasim (712 AD) and the Delhi Sultanate dynasties to the Mughal Empire and Sufi Orders. | 712 AD: Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh (defeating Raja Dahir at Aror), making Sindh 'Bab-ul-Islam'. Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526, 5 dynasties: Mamluk/Slave founded by Qutb-ud-Din Aibak & Iltutmish -> Khilji -> Tughlaq -> Sayyid -> Lodi). Mughal Empire (1526–1857: founded by Zaheer-ud-Din Babur after defeating Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 -> Humayun -> Akbar -> Jahangir -> Shah Jahan -> Aurangzeb Alamgir -> last emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar deposed in 1857). Four major Sufi Silsilahs that peacefully spread Islam across the Subcontinent: Chishtiyyah (Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti of Ajmer, Baba Farid Ganjshakar of Pakpattan, Nizamuddin Auliya), Suhrawardiyyah (Bahauddin Zakariya of Multan), Qadiriyyah (Sultan Bahu, Mian Mir), and Naqshbandiyyah (Khwaja Baqi Billah, Mujaddid Alf Sani). |  |  |
| 21 | In FPSC CSS Pakistan Affairs (1937–1947 Final Decade to Independence), trace the Congress Ministries (1937–39), Lahore Resolution (1940), Cripps Mission (1942), Cabinet Mission Plan (1946), and 3rd June Mountbatten Plan (1947). | 1. Congress Rule (1937–1939): oppressive policies (Wardha Scheme, Vidya Mandir, Bande Mataram, Pirpur & Sharif Reports) led Jinnah to declare 'Day of Deliverance' on Dec 22, 1939 when Congress ministries resigned. 2. Lahore Resolution (March 23, 1940 at Minto/Iqbal Park, Lahore): presented by Sher-e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Huq under Jinnah's presidency, demanding independent states in the Northwestern and Eastern Muslim-majority zones. 3. Cabinet Mission Plan (1946—Pethick-Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, A.V. Alexander): proposed a three-tier loose union grouping provinces into Group A (Hindu majority), Group B (Punjab, NWFP, Sindh, Balochistan), and Group C (Bengal & Assam); accepted by Jinnah until Nehru declared Congress was unbound by the grouping clause. 4. 1945–46 Elections: AIML won 100% (30/30) of Central Muslim seats and ~87% of Provincial Muslim seats. 5. 3rd June Plan & Indian Independence Act (July 18, 1947): partitioned Punjab and Bengal (Radcliffe Award) and held referendums in NWFP and Sylhet, creating Pakistan on August 14, 1947 (27th Ramadan 1366 AH). |  |  |
| 22 | In FPSC CSS English Essay & Précis and Composition, what are the golden rules for writing a 1/3rd Précis and structuring the 3,000-word CSS English Essay? | CSS Précis Rules: 1. Must be strictly one-third (1/3) of the original word count (±5 words), 2. Written in your OWN words (no copy-pasting sentences), 3. Written entirely in the THIRD PERSON (he/she/they/one—never 'I/we/you') and INDIRECT SPEECH (usually past or universal present tense), 4. Presented as a single continuous paragraph with a concise, title-case Title capturing the central theme, and 5. Exclude all examples, quotations, rhetorical questions, and figurative ornaments. For the CSS English Essay (100 marks, 2,500–3,000 words): spend the first 35–45 minutes crafting a logical, parallel-structured Outline and a clear, debatable Thesis Statement; every body paragraph must have a Topic Sentence tied directly to the outline. |  |  |
| 23 | In FPSC CSS General Science & Ability (Environmental Science), distinguish between the Greenhouse Effect / Global Warming, Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, Acid Rain, and Photochemical Smog, and list the key global climate treaties. | 1. Greenhouse Effect: trapping of outgoing terrestrial infrared (IR) long-wave radiation by Greenhouse Gases (H2O vapor, CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs/CFCs). 2. Ozone Depletion: catalytic destruction of stratospheric O3 by Chlorine free radicals released by UV photolysis of CFCs and Halons (Cl· + O3 -> ClO· + O2; 1 Cl atom destroys ~100,000 O3 molecules). 3. Acid Rain (pH < 5.6): caused by anthropogenic SO2 and NOx emissions reacting with atmospheric water to form H2SO4 and HNO3. 4. Treaties: Montreal Protocol (1987—phased out ozone-depleting CFCs; Kigali Amendment 2016 phases down HFCs); UNFCCC (Rio Earth Summit 1992); Kyoto Protocol (1997—legally binding Annex-I targets); Paris Agreement (COP21, 2015—limit global warming to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, via Nationally Determined Contributions - NDCs). |  |  |
| 24 | In FPSC CSS General Science & Ability (Food Science & Preservatives), what are the caloric values per gram of Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats, and what is the difference between Pasteurization, Sterilization/UHT, and Food Irradiation? | Caloric energy yield per gram: Carbohydrates = 4 kcal/g (17 kJ/g); Proteins = 4 kcal/g (17 kJ/g); Fats/Lipids = 9 kcal/g (37 kJ/g). Pasteurization (HTST: 72°C for 15 seconds, or LTLT: 63°C for 30 minutes, followed by rapid cooling to <4°C) destroys vegetative pathogenic microbes (like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella, Brucella) without altering taste, though spores survive. UHT (Ultra-High Temperature: 135°C–150°C for 2–4 seconds) sterilizes milk for shelf-stable storage. |  |  |
| 25 | In FPSC CSS Islamiat (Sources of Islamic Law / Usul al-Fiqh), define the two Primary Sources and the Secondary Sources of Shariah (Quran, Sunnah, Ijma, Qiyas, Ijtihad, Istihsan, Maslahah Mursalah). | Primary Sources: 1. The Holy Quran (114 Surahs: 86 Makki & 28 Madani, 30 Paras/Juz, 7 Manzils; revealed over ~23 years, compiled into a single Mushaf under Caliph Hazrat Abu Bakr RA by Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit RA after the Battle of Yamama, and standardized under Caliph Hazrat Usman RA) and 2. Sunnah / Hadith (Sayings/Qawl, Actions/Fi'l, and Tacit Approvals/Taqrir of the Holy Prophet Muhammad PBUH; compiled in the 'Sihah Sittah'—Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sunan Abu Dawood, Jami al-Tirmidhi, Sunan al-Nasa'i, Sunan Ibn Majah). Secondary/Derived Sources through Ijtihad (independent juristic reasoning): 3. Ijma (Consensus of Muslim jurists of a given age on a legal question after the Prophet's demise) and 4. Qiyas (Analogical deduction applying an original ruling 'Asl' to a new case 'Far' because both share the same effective legal cause 'Illah', e.g., prohibiting modern intoxicants by analogy with Khamr). |  |  |
| 26 | In FPSC CSS General Science & Ability (Logical & Analytical Reasoning), if 5 machines take 5 minutes to make 5 widgets, how long would it take 100 machines to make 100 widgets? | 5 minutes! Since 5 machines working simultaneously make 5 widgets in 5 minutes, each individual machine takes 5 minutes to produce 1 widget. Therefore, 100 machines working simultaneously will produce 100 widgets in the exact same 5 minutes. |  |  |
| 27 | In FPSC CSS Current Affairs (Regional & Global Organizations), summarize the structure and membership of the SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation), ECO, SAARC, and OIC. | SCO (founded June 15, 2001 in Shanghai by the 'Shanghai Five' + Uzbekistan; Secretariat in Beijing, RATS counter-terrorism headquarters in Tashkent): expanded to 10 full member states—China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan & India (both joined June 9, 2017 at Astana), Iran (joined 2023), and Belarus (joined July 2024). ECO (Economic Cooperation Organization, headquartered in Tehran; founded 1985 succeeding RCD of 1964 by Pakistan, Iran, and Turkey, expanded to 10 members in 1992 with 6 Central Asian states + Afghanistan). SAARC (founded Dec 8, 1985 in Dhaka; Secretariat in Kathmandu; 8 members: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka). OIC (founded Sept 1969 in Rabat; headquarters in Jeddah; 57 Muslim-majority member states). |  |  |
| 28 | In FPSC CSS Pakistan Affairs, what were the major changes introduced by the 21st, 25th, and 26th Constitutional Amendments to the 1973 Constitution? | 21st Amendment (Jan 2015, after the Dec 16, 2014 APS Peshawar tragedy): established speedy Military Courts for 2 years to try nexus terrorists under the National Action Plan (NAP). 25th Amendment (May 2018): merged the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, abolishing the colonial Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR) and extending the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and Peshawar High Court to the merged districts. 26th Amendment (Oct 2024): restructured the Judicial Commission of Pakistan (JCP) to include parliamentary members, created Constitutional Benches in the Supreme Court and High Courts, set the Chief Justice of Pakistan's tenure at a fixed 3 years selected by a Special Parliamentary Committee from the top 3 senior-most Supreme Court judges, and added Article 9A (Right to a Clean, Healthy, and Sustainable Environment) and a deadline for eliminating Riba by Jan 1, 2028. |  |  |
| 29 | In FPSC CSS General Science & Ability (Disaster Management & Seismology), distinguish between Earthquake Magnitude (Richter / Moment Magnitude Scale) and Intensity (Modified Mercalli Scale), and between Hypocenter (Focus) and Epicenter. | Hypocenter (Focus) is the actual point deep inside the Earth's crust/mantle where fault rupture and seismic energy release originate; Epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface vertically above the focus. Magnitude (Moment Magnitude / logarithmic Richter Scale, where each whole-number step represents a 10× increase in wave amplitude and ~31.6× increase in energy released) measures the absolute energy released at the source; Intensity (Modified Mercalli Scale, I to XII) measures the observed shaking and damage at a specific surface location. P-waves (Primary) are fast longitudinal compressional waves that travel through solids, liquids, and gases; S-waves (Secondary) are slower transverse shear waves that travel ONLY through solids (blocked by the liquid outer core). |  |  |
| 30 | In FPSC CSS Pakistan Affairs (Council of Common Interests & NFC Award), what are the constitutional mandates of the Council of Common Interests (CCI, Articles 153–154) and the National Finance Commission (NFC, Article 160)? | Council of Common Interests (CCI, chaired by the Prime Minister, with the 4 Provincial Chief Ministers and 3 Federal Ministers): formulates and regulates policies in Part II of the Federal Legislative List (electricity, railways, oil/gas/mineral resources, water/IRSA, census, higher education/HEC) and must meet at least once every 90 days. National Finance Commission (NFC, constituted every 5 years by the President under Art. 160): distributes the divisible tax pool vertically between the Federal Government (42.5%) and the Provinces (57.5% under the 7th NFC Award of 2009/2010), and horizontally among the provinces based on Population (82%), Poverty/Backwardness (10.3%), Revenue Collection/Generation (5%), and Inverse Population Density (2.7%). Under Article 160(3A) (inserted by the 18th Amendment), the share of the provinces in each NFC Award can never be reduced below the share given in the previous NFC Award. |  |  |
| 31 | In FPSC CSS Pakistan Affairs (1905–1916 Milestones), trace the Partition of Bengal (1905), Simla Deputation & Founding of AIML (1906), Minto-Morley Reforms (1909), Annulment of Bengal (1911), and Lucknow Pact (1916). | 1. Partition of Bengal (Oct 16, 1905 by Lord Curzon): created Muslim-majority Eastern Bengal & Assam (capital Dhaka), bringing economic/educational relief to Muslims; Congress launched the Swadeshi boycott until King George V annulled the partition at the Delhi Durbar on Dec 12, 1911. 2. Simla Deputation (Oct 1, 1906): 35 Muslim leaders led by Sir Aga Khan III met Viceroy Lord Minto demanding Separate Electorates. 3. All-India Muslim League (Dec 30, 1906 at Dhaka): founded during the Educational Conference hosted by Nawab Salimullah Khan (first resolution moved by Nawab Salimullah, presided over by Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk; Sir Aga Khan III elected first permanent President in 1908). 4. Minto-Morley Reforms (Indian Councils Act 1909): granted statutory Separate Electorates to Muslims. 5. Lucknow Pact (Dec 1916): orchestrated by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (earned title 'Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity' from Sarojini Naidu)—the only time Congress officially accepted Separate Electorates and one-third Muslim representation in the Central Legislature. |  |  |
| 32 | In FPSC CSS Pakistan Affairs (Aligarh Movement), summarize the educational, literary, and political services of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898) after the 1857 War of Independence. | 1. Reconciliation & Apologetics: Wrote 'Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind' (Causes of the Indian Revolt, 1859), 'Loyal Muhammadans of India', and 'Tabyin-ul-Kalam' to remove British hostility toward Muslims. 2. Educational Institutions: Founded Gulshan School Muradabad (1859), Victoria School Ghazipur (1863), the Scientific Society at Ghazipur (1863, moved to Aligarh), the journal 'Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq' (1870), Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) High School at Aligarh (1875), elevated to MAO College in 1877 (inaugurated by Lord Lytton; later became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920), and the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference (1886). 3. Two-Nation Theory & Politics: After the 1867 Hindi-Urdu Controversy in Banaras, declared Hindus and Muslims two distinct nations and advised Muslims in his 1887 Lucknow/Meerut speeches to stay aloof from the Indian National Congress (founded 1885). |  |  |

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