# Guida allo studio di Bias cognitivi, Euristiche e Fallacie logiche formali e informali: Padroneggia i concetti chiave con le Flashcard > Guida completa allo studio di Bias cognitivi, Euristiche e Fallacie logiche formali e informali con mazzi di flashcard base, intermedi e avanzati su flashcards.world. - **Canonical URL:** https://flashcards.world/guides/it/cognitive-biases-heuristics-formal-informal-logical-fallacies-study-guide-it/ - **Markdown URL:** https://flashcards.world/guides/it/cognitive-biases-heuristics-formal-informal-logical-fallacies-study-guide-it.md - **Topic / Curriculum:** Cognitive Biases, Heuristics & Formal/Informal Logical Fallacies - **Language:** it # Guida allo studio di Bias cognitivi, Euristiche e Fallacie logiche formali e informali: Padroneggia i concetti chiave con le Flashcard > **[Esplora tutti i mazzi di Bias cognitivi, Euristiche e Fallacie logiche formali e informali su flashcards.world](https://flashcards.world/flashcards/?q=Cognitive%20Biases%2C%20Heuristics%20%26%20Formal/Informal%20Logical%20Fallacies&back_lng=en)** ## 1. 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This overlooks: (1) Reverse causation (Y caused X); (2) A confounding third variable Z causing both X and Y; and (3) Coincidence or spurious correlation. | | `basic` | What is the Reverse Causation flaw in causal arguments? | Assuming that X caused Y when the causal direction is actually reversed (Y caused X). Example: Concluding that playing violent video games causes aggression when pre-existing aggression instead leads individuals to choose violent games. | | `advanced` | What is the difference between 'Affirming the Consequent' (formal fallacy) and 'Modus Ponens' (valid inference)? | Modus Ponens (If P then Q; P; therefore Q) is deductively valid. Affirming the Consequent (If P then Q; Q; therefore P) is invalid because Q could have other causes. | | `advanced` | What is the difference between 'Denying the Antecedent' (formal fallacy) and 'Modus Tollens' (valid inference)? | Modus Tollens (If P then Q; not Q; therefore not P) is deductively valid. 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