# Guida allo studio di Biologia generale universitaria 101 e 102 (Concetti chiave di Campbell): Padroneggia i concetti chiave con le Flashcard > Guida completa allo studio di Biologia generale universitaria 101 e 102 (Concetti chiave di Campbell) con mazzi di flashcard base, intermedi e avanzati su flashcards.world. - **Canonical URL:** https://flashcards.world/guides/it/college-general-biology-101-102-campbell-biology-core-concepts-study-guide-it/ - **Markdown URL:** https://flashcards.world/guides/it/college-general-biology-101-102-campbell-biology-core-concepts-study-guide-it.md - **Topic / Curriculum:** College General Biology 101 & 102 (Campbell Biology Core Concepts) - **Language:** it # Guida allo studio di Biologia generale universitaria 101 e 102 (Concetti chiave di Campbell): Padroneggia i concetti chiave con le Flashcard > **[Esplora tutti i mazzi di Biologia generale universitaria 101 e 102 (Concetti chiave di Campbell) su flashcards.world](https://flashcards.world/flashcards/?q=College%20General%20Biology%20101%20%26%20102%20%28Campbell%20Biology%20Core%20Concepts%29&back_lng=en)** ## 1. 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Anteprima di Flashcard ad alto rendimento (Biologia generale universitaria 101 e 102 (Concetti chiave di Campbell)) | Livello | Fronte (Domanda / Termine) | Retro (Risposta / Spiegazione) | |---|---|---| | `basic` | What are the three core tenets of classical cell theory? | Living organisms consist of one or more cells; cells are the basic structural and functional units of life; new cells arise from existing cells. | | `basic` | What nuclear feature distinguishes bacterial cells from typical eukaryotic cells? | Bacteria lack a membrane-bound nucleus; their chromosomal DNA lies in a nucleoid region. | | `basic` | How do genotype and phenotype differ? | Genotype is an organism's genetic makeup, including its alleles. Phenotype is its observable traits, which can reflect both genotype and environmental influences. | | `basic` | What does Mendel's law of segregation say about the two alleles at a diploid locus? | During gamete formation, the two alleles separate so that each gamete receives one. Under ordinary Mendelian segregation, either allele is equally likely to enter a gamete. | | `intermediate` | What is homeostasis, and how does negative feedback support it? | Homeostasis keeps internal conditions within regulated ranges despite disturbances. Negative feedback detects a change and produces a response that opposes it. A regulated value can fluctuate, and its target can change; homeostasis is not an unchanging equilibrium. | | `intermediate` | How does oxytocin participate in positive feedback during childbirth? | Cervical stretching promotes oxytocin release, which strengthens uterine contractions and produces more stretching. Delivery removes the stretching stimulus and ends this reinforcing loop. | | `intermediate` | Which three conditions allow natural selection to change a population over generations? | Individuals vary; some variation is heritable; and heritable traits are associated with differences in reproductive success in a particular environment. | | `intermediate` | How do homologous and analogous structures differ? | Homologous structures share an ancestral origin, although functions may differ, as with human arms and bat forelimbs. Analogous structures evolved independently for similar functions, as with bird and insect wings. | | `advanced` | Does reverse transcription violate Crick's original central dogma? | No. The usual expression pathway is DNA → RNA → protein, while reverse transcriptase copies RNA into DNA. Crick's dogma excludes transfer of sequence information from protein back to nucleic acid or into another protein sequence. | | `advanced` | Which RNA polymerase component recognizes the usual −10 and −35 promoter elements in E. coli? | The σ⁷⁰ sigma factor, which helps the bacterial RNA polymerase holoenzyme recognize these promoters. | | `advanced` | How do innate and adaptive immunity differ in speed, recognition and memory? | Innate defenses act rapidly through inherited pattern-recognition mechanisms; prior exposure can alter them through trained immunity. A primary adaptive response usually takes days, uses clonally diverse antigen-specific B- and T-cell receptors, and can form long-lived memory. | | `advanced` | Which innate immune receptors recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as LPS? | Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors. TLR4, together with its co-receptor MD-2, recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). | ## 4. 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