In SAICA ITC & KASNEB CPA (IFRS 16 & IAS 38 Intangible Assets), how are Research vs. Development costs accounted for under IAS 38?

All RESEARCH expenditure must be expensed in Profit or Loss as incurred (never capitalized). DEVELOPMENT expenditure MUST be capitalized as an intangible asset if and only if the entity can demonstrate all 6 PIRATE criteria: Probable future economic benefits, Intention to complete and use/sell, Resources (technical, financial) available to complete, Ability to use or sell the asset, Technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset, and Expenditure attributable to development can be reliably measured.

In SAICA ITC Financial Reporting (IAS 36 Impairment of Assets), how is the Recoverable Amount of an asset or Cash-Generating Unit (CGU) determined, and in what order is an impairment loss allocated to a CGU?

An asset is impaired when its Carrying Amount exceeds its Recoverable Amount. Recoverable Amount is the HIGHER of: (1) Fair Value less Costs of Disposal (FVLCD) and (2) Value in Use (VIU—the present value of future pre-tax cash flows expected from continuing use and disposal). When a CGU is impaired, the impairment loss is allocated FIRST to reduce the carrying amount of any Goodwill allocated to the CGU, and THEN pro-rata to the other assets of the CGU based on their carrying amounts (without reducing any individual asset below the highest of its FVLCD, its VIU, or zero).

In SAICA ITC Corporate Law (Companies Act 71 of 2008, Chapter 6), what is Business Rescue (Section 128–154) and when is a company considered 'Financially Distressed'?

A company is 'financially distressed' (Section 128(1)(f)) if within the immediately ensuing 6 months it appears reasonably unlikely that the company will be able to pay all of its debts as they become due and payable (commercial insolvency), OR it appears reasonably likely that the company will become insolvent (liabilities exceeding assets—factual insolvency). Business Rescue places a temporary moratorium (stay) on legal proceedings/enforcement against the company while a Business Rescue Practitioner (BRP) develops and implements a Business Rescue Plan to either rehabilitate the company on a solvent basis or achieve a better return for creditors/shareholders than immediate liquidation.

In SAICA ITC Financial Reporting (IFRS 9 Financial Instruments), how are Financial Assets classified into Amortised Cost, FVOCI (Debt vs. Equity), and FVTPL, and how does the 3-Stage Expected Credit Loss (ECL) Impairment model work?

A debt instrument is classified based on the Business Model test and the SPPI test (Solely Payments of Principal and Interest): 1. Amortised Cost (held to collect contractual cash flows + passes SPPI); 2. FVOCI with recycling (held both to collect cash flows and to sell + passes SPPI); 3. FVTPL (all other debt instruments & derivatives, or fair value option). For equity investments not held for trading, an irrevocable election at initial recognition allows FVOCI without recycling to profit or loss. IFRS 9 Impairment uses a 3-stage Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model: Stage 1 (no significant increase in credit risk): recognize 12-month ECL and calculate interest on gross carrying amount; Stage 2 (significant increase in credit risk): recognize Lifetime ECL and interest on gross carrying amount; Stage 3 (credit-impaired): recognize Lifetime ECL and calculate interest on net (amortised cost) carrying amount.

In KCSE Geography & Economics of East Africa, compare the Mwea-Tebere Irrigation Scheme in Kenya with the Gezira Scheme in Sudan, and state the main objectives of the East African Community (EAC).

Mwea-Tebere Irrigation Scheme (Kirinyaga County, watered by Rivers Thiba, Nyamindi, and Murubara using gravity-fed basin irrigation on black cotton clay soil) is Kenya's largest rice-growing scheme. The East African Community (EAC, headquartered in Arusha, Tanzania) integrates Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, South Sudan, DRC, and Somalia through four progressive stages: Customs Union, Common Market, Monetary Union, and ultimately Political Federation.

In the SAICA Initial Test of Competence (ITC) for CA(SA), what is the Gross Income definition under Section 1 of the South African Income Tax Act 58 of 1962, and how do residents vs. non-residents differ?

For a South African RESIDENT (ordinarily resident or physical presence test), Gross Income is the total amount, in cash or otherwise, received by or accrued to or in favour of such resident during the year of assessment from WORLDWIDE sources, excluding receipts or accruals of a capital nature. For a NON-RESIDENT, only amounts from a South African SOURCE (Section 9) are included, plus specific Seventh Schedule fringe benefits and Paragraph (a)–(n) special inclusions.

In SAICA ITC Taxation, what is the General Deduction Formula under Section 11(a) read with Section 23(g) of the South African Income Tax Act?

For expenditure and losses to be deductible under the general deduction formula: 1. Must be carrying on a trade, 2. Expenditure and losses must be actually incurred, 3. During the year of assessment, 4. In the production of income (closely connected to income-earning operations—Port Elizabeth Electric Tramway Co), 5. Not of a capital nature (floating vs. fixed capital—New State Areas), and 6. Laid out or expended for the purposes of trade (Section 23(g)).

In SAICA ITC Corporate Law (Companies Act 71 of 2008), what is the 'Solvency and Liquidity Test' under Section 4, and which transactions require both a Board Resolution applying the Section 4 test and/or a Special Resolution?

Under Section 4, a company satisfies the Solvency and Liquidity Test at a particular time if, considering all reasonably foreseeable financial circumstances: (a) Solvency: the assets of the company, fairly valued, equal or exceed the liabilities of the company, fairly valued; AND (b) Liquidity: it appears that the company will be able to pay its debts as they become due in the ordinary course of business for a period of 12 months after the test date (or 12 months after a distribution). Required for: Distributions/Dividends (Section 46—Board resolution + S4 test), Share Repurchases/Buy-backs (Section 48), Financial Assistance for purchase of shares (Section 44—Board + S4 test + Special Resolution within past 2 years), and Loans/Financial Assistance to Directors or Related/Inter-related companies (Section 45—Board + S4 test + Special Resolution + written notice to shareholders/trade unions).

In KASNEB CPA Kenya (Public Finance and Taxation - Income Tax Act Cap 470), what are the Corporate Tax rates, VAT rates, Digital Service Tax / Significant Economic Presence rules, and Capital Deductions in Kenya?

In Kenya under the Income Tax Act (Cap 470): Resident corporate income tax rate is 30%; standard VAT rate under the VAT Act 2013 is 16% (with 8% on petroleum products or unified 16% per latest Finance Act, and 0% on exports). Investment Allowance / Wear and Tear on industrial buildings, hotel buildings, and manufacturing machinery is claimed at 50% in the first year of use and 25% per annum on a reducing balance basis thereafter (or 10% straight line on commercial buildings). Monthly PAYE, NSSF, SHIF (Social Health Insurance Fund, 2.75% of gross salary replacing NHIF), and Affordable Housing Levy (1.5% employee + 1.5% employer) are remitted by the 9th of the following month via KRA iTax.

In HPCSA Psychiatry & Mental Health Care Act 17 of 2002 (South Africa), what is the legal procedure for admitting an Involuntary or Assisted Mental Health Care User, and what is a 72-Hour Assessment?

Under the Mental Health Care Act 17 of 2002: An application (MHCA 04) is made by a spouse/next-of-kin (or healthcare provider if unavailable) after examining the user. Two mental health care practitioners (at least one must be a medical practitioner) examine the user independently (MHCA 05) to confirm mental illness and danger to self/others/reputation. The Head of the Health Establishment approves (MHCA 07) a mandatory 72-HOUR ASSESSMENT period at a designated district/general hospital before any transfer to a specialized psychiatric hospital, with review by the Mental Health Review Board.

In HPCSA Surgery & Orthopedics, what are the 6 P's of Acute Compartment Syndrome / Acute Limb Ischaemia, which clinical sign is the EARLIEST indicator of Compartment Syndrome, and what is the emergency surgical treatment?

6 P's: Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Paraesthesia, Paralysis, and Poikilothermia (perishingly cold). In Acute Compartment Syndrome (typically following tibial or forearm fractures or tight plaster casts), the EARLIEST and most sensitive sign is severe PAIN out of proportion to the injury, aggressively worsened by passive stretching of the muscles in that compartment (pulselessness and paralysis are LATE signs indicating irreversible myonecrosis). Emergency treatment: immediately split/remove all casts and bandages down to the skin and perform urgent decompressive two-incision four-compartment FASCIOTOMY.

In KASNEB CPA Kenya (Public Financial Management Act 2012), what are the roles of the National Treasury, the Controller of Budget (COB), and the Auditor-General in Kenya?

National Treasury: formulates macro-fiscal policy, prepares the annual Budget Policy Statement (BPS), and manages the Consolidated Fund. Controller of Budget (COB, Art. 228): oversees implementation of the budgets of the National and 47 County Governments by AUTHORIZING withdrawals from public funds (Consolidated Fund, Equalization Fund, County Revenue Funds) only when satisfied the withdrawal is authorized by law. Auditor-General (Art. 229): within 6 months after the end of each financial year, audits and reports on the accounts of all National and County Government entities, courts, commissions, and public debt.

In the HPCSA Medical Board Exam (South African Health Law & Bioethics), at what age can a child independently consent to (a) Medical Treatment, (b) Surgical Operations, (c) HIV Testing, and (d) Termination of Pregnancy in South Africa?

Under the Children's Act 38 of 2005 (Sections 129–134): (a) Medical treatment: age 12 years AND of sufficient maturity and mental capacity to understand benefits, risks, and social implications; (b) Surgical operation: age 12 years AND sufficient maturity, DULY ASSISTED by their parent or guardian; (c) HIV testing and access to contraceptives (condoms): age 12 years (or younger if of sufficient maturity); (d) Under the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act 92 of 1996: a pregnant female of ANY AGE (including a minor under 18) can give informed consent to a termination of pregnancy without parental or spousal consent (up to 12 weeks on request by a doctor/registered midwife; 13–20 weeks on socio-economic/medical/rape/incest grounds).

In SAICA ITC Auditing (Auditing Profession Act 26 of 2005, Section 45), what are the five criteria that constitute a 'Reportable Irregularity' (RI), and what are the registered auditor's statutory reporting deadlines to IRBA?

A Reportable Irregularity is any unlawful act or omission committed by any person responsible for the management of an entity, which: 1. Has caused or is likely to cause material financial loss to the entity or to any partner, member, shareholder, creditor, or investor, OR 2. Is fraudulent or amounts to theft, OR 3. Represents a material breach of any fiduciary duty owed by such person. Deadlines: If the auditor is satisfied or has reason to believe an RI is taking place, they must WITHOUT DELAY send a written report to the IRBA (Independent Regulatory Board for Auditors); within 3 DAYS of sending that report to IRBA, notify the management board in writing; and within 30 DAYS of the initial report to IRBA, discuss it with management and submit a second report to IRBA stating whether the RI is continuing, has ceased, or did not exist.

In SAICA ITC Taxation (Capital Allowances), compare the Section 12C Manufacturing Allowance with the Section 11(e) Wear-and-Tear Allowance and the Section 13quin Commercial Building Allowance.

Section 12C (machinery/plant used directly in a process of manufacture): 40% in Year 1 and 20% in each of the next 3 years (40:20:20:20) for NEW/unused manufacturing plant, or 20% per year over 5 years (20:20:20:20:20) for used manufacturing plant, NOT apportioned for part of a year. Section 11(e) (non-manufacturing movable assets): written off over SARS Binding General Ruling No. 7 useful life and APPORTIONED for the number of days/months used during the year. Section 13quin: 5% straight-line per year (not apportioned) on the cost of new and unused commercial buildings (or improvements) owned by the taxpayer.

In KASNEB CPA Kenya (Advanced Financial Management - Portfolio Theory & CAPM), distinguish between Systematic (Market / Non-Diversifiable) Risk and Unsystematic (Specific / Diversifiable) Risk.

Unsystematic risk is specific to a single firm or industry (strikes, management errors, lawsuits) and can be eliminated by holding a well-diversified portfolio of 15–20+ uncorrelated stocks. Systematic risk is economy-wide macro risk (interest rates, inflation, GDP shocks, exchange rates) that affects all securities and CANNOT be diversified away; it is measured by Beta (β = Cov(R_i, R_m) / Var(R_m)), and investors are only compensated with a risk premium for bearing systematic risk.

In SAICA ITC Taxation (Estate Duty & Donations Tax in South Africa), what are the rates and primary exemptions for Donations Tax (Sections 54–64) and Estate Duty (Estate Duty Act 45 of 1955)?

Donations Tax & Estate Duty both follow a two-tier rate: 20% on the cumulative dutiable value up to R30 million, and 25% on any excess above R30 million. Key Donations Tax exemptions: donations between spouses (s56(1)(b)), donations to approved Public Benefit Organisations (PBOs), and the annual natural-person casual exemption of R100,000 per year of assessment (s56(2)(b)). Key Estate Duty deductions: bequests to a surviving spouse (Section 4(q)) and the Section 4A primary abatement of R3.5 million per person (rollover up to R7 million for the surviving spouse).

In the HPCSA (Health Professions Council of South Africa) Medical Board Exam, what is the standard first-line Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) regimen for adults and adolescents in South Africa under National Department of Health guidelines?

TLD fixed-dose combination (1 tablet daily): Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF, 300 mg) + Lamivudine (3TC, 300 mg) + Dolutegravir (DTG, 50 mg). Note key clinical rules: check baseline serum creatinine/eGFR before starting TDF (contraindicated if eGFR < 50 mL/min—substitute Abacavir ABC); if the patient is co-infected with Tuberculosis and taking Rifampicin, DOUBLE the dose of Dolutegravir to 50 mg TWICE daily (add an extra 50 mg DTG tablet 12 hours after TLD) until 2 weeks after completing Rifampicin.

In the HPCSA Medical Board Exam (Obstetrics - Saving Mothers Guidelines), how are Severe Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia managed in South African district/regional hospitals?

1. Seizure prophylaxis/control with Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4—Pritchard regimen: 4 g IV in 200 mL normal saline over 20 min + 5 g deep IM in each buttock = 14 g loading dose, then 5 g IM every 4 hours while monitoring respiratory rate ≥ 16/min, urine output ≥ 30 mL/hr, and patellar reflexes; antidote is 10 mL of 10% Calcium Gluconate IV). 2. Rapid lowering of acute severe hypertension (BP ≥ 160/110 mmHg) using oral Nifedipine (10 mg stat, not sublingual) or IV Labetalol / Hydralazine, plus Methyldopa for maintenance. 3. Stabilize the mother FIRST, then expedite delivery (definitive cure).

In the HPCSA Medical Board Exam (Trauma & ATLS), what is the Primary Survey sequence (cABCDE), and what is the immediate life-saving intervention for a Tension Pneumothorax vs. Open Pneumothorax vs. Cardiac Tamponade?

Primary Survey: catastrophic haemorrhage control, Airway with cervical spine protection, Breathing and ventilation, Circulation with haemorrhage control, Disability (GCS/pupils), Exposure/environmental control. Tension Pneumothorax (tracheal deviation away, hyperresonance, absent breath sounds, distended neck veins, obstructive shock): immediate needle decompression (5th intercostal space, slightly anterior to mid-axillary line in adults; 2nd ICS mid-clavicular in children) followed by intercostal chest drain (ICD) in the 'triangle of safety'. Open ('sucking') Pneumothorax: three-sided occlusive dressing taped on 3 sides (flutter-valve effect) followed by ICD through a separate incision. Cardiac Tamponade (Beck's triad: hypotension, muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins): emergency resuscitative thoracotomy / pericardiocentesis.

In SAICA ITC Financial Reporting (IFRS 3 & IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements), how is Goodwill (or Gain on Bargain Purchase) measured at the acquisition date, and what are the two options for measuring Non-Controlling Interest (NCI)?

Goodwill = [Consideration Transferred (at fair value) + Non-Controlling Interest (NCI) at acquisition + Fair Value of previously held equity interest] minus [Net Identifiable Assets Acquired & Liabilities Assumed at acquisition-date Fair Value] (including deferred tax on fair value adjustments). IFRS 3 permits an accounting policy choice per transaction to measure NCI at acquisition at EITHER: (1) Fair Value ('Full Goodwill' method) OR (2) the NCI's proportionate share of the acquiree's identifiable net assets ('Partial Goodwill' method).

In the HPCSA Medical Board Exam (Pediatrics - IMCI & Severe Acute Malnutrition), what are the WHO/SA 10 Steps for routine inpatient management of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM: Kwashiorkor / Marasmus)?

In the Initial Stabilization Phase (Days 1–2), ALWAYS address the immediate lethal triad FIRST: 1. Treat/prevent Hypoglycaemia (10% Dextrose 5 mL/kg IV or F-75 feed), 2. Treat/prevent Hypothermia (Kangaroo care/warming), 3. Treat/prevent Dehydration cautiously using ReSoMal (NEVER give routine IV fluids unless in overt shock, to avoid fatal heart failure), 4. Correct Electrolyte imbalance (give extra K⁺ and Mg²⁺, restrict Na⁺), 5. Treat Infection empirically (broad-spectrum antibiotics even without fever), 6. Correct Micronutrient deficiencies (Vitamin A, Folic acid, Zinc, Copper—DELAY Iron until the Rehabilitation Phase when appetite returns and infection resolves, because free iron feeds bacterial sepsis), 7. Cautious feeding with starter F-75, 8. Catch-up growth with F-100/RUTF, 9. Sensory stimulation, 10. Prepare for follow-up.

In KASNEB CPA Kenya (Company Law - Companies Act 2015 of Kenya), how did the Kenyan Companies Act 2015 reform the Ultra Vires Doctrine, Single-Member Companies, Company Secretaries, and Derivative Actions?

Under the Kenyan Companies Act 2015: 1. A single person can form both a Private and a Public company; 2. Unless a company's Articles specifically restrict its objects, its objects are UNRESTRICTED (Section 28), abolishing the strict common-law ultra vires invalidity rule for third parties dealing in good faith; 3. Only Public Companies and Private Companies with paid-up capital of KSh 5 million or more are required to appoint a certified Company Secretary (CPS-K); and 4. Statutory Derivative Actions (Part XI) allow a member to sue in the company's name for negligence, default, breach of duty, or breach of trust by a director.

In SAICA ITC Corporate Law (Companies Act 71 of 2008, Sections 76 & 77), what are the Fiduciary Duties of Directors and the 'Business Judgment Rule' defence (Section 76(4))?

Under Section 76(3), a director must exercise their powers and perform their functions: (a) in good faith and for a proper purpose, (b) in the best interests of the company, and (c) with the degree of care, skill, and diligence reasonably expected of a person carrying out those functions and having that director's knowledge, skill, and experience. Under the Business Judgment Rule (Section 76(4)), a director satisfies (b) and (c) if they took reasonably diligent steps to become informed about the matter, had no material personal financial interest (or properly disclosed it under Section 75), and had a rational basis for believing the decision was in the best interests of the company.

In SAICA ITC Management Accounting & Finance, how do you calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) and apply the Net Present Value (NPV) decision rule?

WACC = (E / V) · K_e + (P / V) · K_p + (D / V) · K_d(1 - t), where weights E, P, and D are based on TARGET or CURRENT MARKET VALUES (never book values), K_e is estimated via the Capital Asset Pricing Model [K_e = R_f + β(R_m - R_f)], and K_d(1 - t) is the after-tax cost of debt. In NPV capital budgeting, discount relevant incremental after-tax cash flows (excluding sunk costs, depreciation, and financing/interest flows since interest is already embedded in the WACC discount rate) at WACC; accept the project if NPV > 0.

In the HPCSA Medical Board Exam (HIV & TB Co-infection), when should Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) be initiated in a newly diagnosed HIV-positive patient who has active Pulmonary TB versus Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) or Cryptococcal Meningitis?

To balance survival against fatal central nervous system IRIS (Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome): 1. Active Pulmonary TB with CD4 < 50 cells/µL: start TB treatment first, then initiate ART within 2 WEEKS. 2. Active Pulmonary TB with CD4 ≥ 50 cells/µL: start ART within 2 to 8 WEEKS of starting TB therapy. 3. Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) or Cryptococcal Meningitis: DEFER ART initiation for 4 to 8 WEEKS (4–6 weeks after starting amphotericin B/flucytosine/fluconazole for cryptococcal meningitis; 4–8 weeks for TBM) because immediate ART significantly increases mortality from CNS IRIS.

In KASNEB CPA Kenya (Law of Contract & Sale of Goods Act Cap 31), state the implied conditions in a contract for the Sale of Goods under the Kenyan Sale of Goods Act (Cap 31).

1. Implied condition as to Title (Section 14: seller has the right to sell the goods), 2. Sale by Description (Section 15: goods must correspond with the description), 3. Implied condition as to Merchantable Quality and Fitness for Purpose (Section 16: exception to Caveat Emptor when bought from a seller who deals in goods of that description and buyer makes known the particular purpose), and 4. Sale by Sample (Section 17: bulk must correspond with the sample in quality, and buyer must have a reasonable opportunity of comparing the bulk with the sample).

In the HPCSA Medical Board Exam (Drug-Sensitive & Rifampicin-Resistant TB in South Africa), what is the first-line diagnostic test for TB in South Africa, and what is the 6-month regimen for Drug-Sensitive Pulmonary TB?

First-line diagnostic test: Sputum Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (detects both Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA and rpoB gene mutations conferring Rifampicin resistance within 2 hours). Drug-Sensitive TB regimen (6 months total): 2 months Intensive Phase of RHZE (Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol) daily, followed by 4 months Continuation Phase of RH (Rifampicin + Isoniazid) daily.

In SAICA ITC Taxation (Eighth Schedule: Capital Gains Tax - CGT), how is a Taxable Capital Gain calculated for an Individual vs. a Company vs. an Ordinary Trust in South Africa?

1. For each disposal of an asset: Capital Gain/Loss = Proceeds minus Base Cost (Paragraph 20 expenditure, or valuation date value for pre-1 Oct 2001 assets). 2. Sum all capital gains and losses for the year and subtract the Annual Exclusion (R40,000 for natural persons/special trusts; R300,000 in the year of death; R0 for companies and ordinary trusts). 3. Deduct any assessed capital loss brought forward from the prior year to get Net Capital Gain. 4. Multiply Net Capital Gain by the statutory INCLUSION RATE: 40% for Individuals/Special Trusts (max effective rate 40% × 45% = 18%), 80% for Companies (effective rate 80% × 27% = 21.6%), and 80% for Ordinary Trusts (effective rate 80% × 45% = 36%).

In HPCSA Internal Medicine & Emergency Medicine, how is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) diagnosed and managed step-by-step?

Diagnostic triad of DKA: 1. Hyperglycaemia (blood glucose > 13.9 mmol/L), 2. Ketonaemia (blood ketones ≥ 3.0 mmol/L or ≥ 2+ ketonuria), and 3. High-anion-gap Metabolic Acidosis (arterial pH < 7.3 or serum bicarbonate < 18 mmol/L). Management order: 1. Aggressive IV Fluid resuscitation FIRST (0.9% Normal Saline 1 L in first hour; switch to 5% Dextrose-containing fluid once blood glucose falls below 14 mmol/L while continuing insulin to clear ketones), 2. Potassium replacement BEFORE or WITH insulin (insulin drives K⁺ into cells; if serum K⁺ < 3.3 mmol/L, HOLD insulin and give IV KCl first to prevent fatal arrhythmia; if K⁺ is 3.3–5.2 mmol/L, add 20–40 mmol KCl per litre of IV fluid), 3. Regular Soluble Actrapid Insulin IV infusion at 0.1 units/kg/hour, and 4. Identify/treat precipitating cause (infection, missed insulin, MI).

In SAICA ITC Financial Reporting (IAS 12 Income Taxes), when does a Taxable Temporary Difference vs. a Deductible Temporary Difference arise, and how is Deferred Tax calculated on Revalued Land vs. Depreciable Buildings/Equipment in South Africa?

Carrying Amount (CA) > Tax Base (TB) of an asset creates a Taxable Temporary Difference -> Deferred Tax Liability (DTL); CA Deferred Tax Asset (DTA). Under IAS 12, non-depreciable Land is presumed to be recovered through SALE, so revaluation above base cost is taxed at the CGT effective rate (80% × 27% = 21.6% in SA). Depreciable Plant/Machinery is recovered through USE, so differences up to original cost are taxed at 27% (recoupment under s8(4)(a)), and any excess above original cost is taxed at the 21.6% CGT rate.

In the HPCSA Medical Board Exam (Prevention of Vertical Transmission of HIV / PMTCT), how is an HIV-exposed newborn managed at birth in South Africa?

1. Perform a Birth HIV PCR test on ALL HIV-exposed infants at delivery (and repeat HIV PCR at 10 weeks, at 6 months, and 6 weeks after cessation of breastfeeding, plus an HIV rapid antibody test at 18 months). 2. Low-risk infant (mother on lifelong ART with viral load < 1,000 copies/mL): give daily Nevirapine (NVP) syrup for 6 weeks. 3. High-risk infant (maternal viral load ≥ 1,000 copies/mL within 4 weeks of delivery, or mother not on ART): give DUAL prophylaxis—daily Nevirapine (NVP) for 12 weeks PLUS twice-daily Zidovudine (AZT) for the first 6 weeks.

Southern & East African Professional Boards (SAICA ITC, HPCSA & KASNEB CPA Kenya): IFRS, South African Income Tax, Companies Act & Clinical Medicine

Covers elite Southern and East African professional board exams: SAICA Initial Test of Competence (ITC) & APC for CA(SA) (South African Income Tax Act 58 of 1962, CGT Eighth Schedule, VAT Act, Companies Act 71 of 2008 Section 4/44/45/46, IFRS), KASNEB CPA Kenya (Taxation, Company Law, PFM), and HPCSA Medical/Dental Board Exam (HIV/TB, Maternal & Trauma).

Level: advanced
Languages: en → en
Cards: 32
Markdown: Southern & East African Professional Boards (SAICA ITC, HPCSA & KASNEB CPA Kenya): IFRS, South African Income Tax, Companies Act & Clinical Medicine (.md)

Flashcards (32)

#	Front (Term / Question)	Back (Definition / Answer)
1	In SAICA ITC & KASNEB CPA (IFRS 16 & IAS 38 Intangible Assets), how are Research vs. Development costs accounted for under IAS 38?	All RESEARCH expenditure must be expensed in Profit or Loss as incurred (never capitalized). DEVELOPMENT expenditure MUST be capitalized as an intangible asset if and only if the entity can demonstrate all 6 PIRATE criteria: Probable future economic benefits, Intention to complete and use/sell, Resources (technical, financial) available to complete, Ability to use or sell the asset, Technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset, and Expenditure attributable to development can be reliably measured.
2	In SAICA ITC Financial Reporting (IAS 36 Impairment of Assets), how is the Recoverable Amount of an asset or Cash-Generating Unit (CGU) determined, and in what order is an impairment loss allocated to a CGU?	An asset is impaired when its Carrying Amount exceeds its Recoverable Amount. Recoverable Amount is the HIGHER of: (1) Fair Value less Costs of Disposal (FVLCD) and (2) Value in Use (VIU—the present value of future pre-tax cash flows expected from continuing use and disposal). When a CGU is impaired, the impairment loss is allocated FIRST to reduce the carrying amount of any Goodwill allocated to the CGU, and THEN pro-rata to the other assets of the CGU based on their carrying amounts (without reducing any individual asset below the highest of its FVLCD, its VIU, or zero).
3	In SAICA ITC Corporate Law (Companies Act 71 of 2008, Chapter 6), what is Business Rescue (Section 128–154) and when is a company considered 'Financially Distressed'?	A company is 'financially distressed' (Section 128(1)(f)) if within the immediately ensuing 6 months it appears reasonably unlikely that the company will be able to pay all of its debts as they become due and payable (commercial insolvency), OR it appears reasonably likely that the company will become insolvent (liabilities exceeding assets—factual insolvency). Business Rescue places a temporary moratorium (stay) on legal proceedings/enforcement against the company while a Business Rescue Practitioner (BRP) develops and implements a Business Rescue Plan to either rehabilitate the company on a solvent basis or achieve a better return for creditors/shareholders than immediate liquidation.
4	In SAICA ITC Financial Reporting (IFRS 9 Financial Instruments), how are Financial Assets classified into Amortised Cost, FVOCI (Debt vs. Equity), and FVTPL, and how does the 3-Stage Expected Credit Loss (ECL) Impairment model work?	A debt instrument is classified based on the Business Model test and the SPPI test (Solely Payments of Principal and Interest): 1. Amortised Cost (held to collect contractual cash flows + passes SPPI); 2. FVOCI with recycling (held both to collect cash flows and to sell + passes SPPI); 3. FVTPL (all other debt instruments & derivatives, or fair value option). For equity investments not held for trading, an irrevocable election at initial recognition allows FVOCI without recycling to profit or loss. IFRS 9 Impairment uses a 3-stage Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model: Stage 1 (no significant increase in credit risk): recognize 12-month ECL and calculate interest on gross carrying amount; Stage 2 (significant increase in credit risk): recognize Lifetime ECL and interest on gross carrying amount; Stage 3 (credit-impaired): recognize Lifetime ECL and calculate interest on net (amortised cost) carrying amount.
5	In KCSE Geography & Economics of East Africa, compare the Mwea-Tebere Irrigation Scheme in Kenya with the Gezira Scheme in Sudan, and state the main objectives of the East African Community (EAC).	Mwea-Tebere Irrigation Scheme (Kirinyaga County, watered by Rivers Thiba, Nyamindi, and Murubara using gravity-fed basin irrigation on black cotton clay soil) is Kenya's largest rice-growing scheme. The East African Community (EAC, headquartered in Arusha, Tanzania) integrates Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, South Sudan, DRC, and Somalia through four progressive stages: Customs Union, Common Market, Monetary Union, and ultimately Political Federation.
6	In the SAICA Initial Test of Competence (ITC) for CA(SA), what is the Gross Income definition under Section 1 of the South African Income Tax Act 58 of 1962, and how do residents vs. non-residents differ?	For a South African RESIDENT (ordinarily resident or physical presence test), Gross Income is the total amount, in cash or otherwise, received by or accrued to or in favour of such resident during the year of assessment from WORLDWIDE sources, excluding receipts or accruals of a capital nature. For a NON-RESIDENT, only amounts from a South African SOURCE (Section 9) are included, plus specific Seventh Schedule fringe benefits and Paragraph (a)–(n) special inclusions.
7	In SAICA ITC Taxation, what is the General Deduction Formula under Section 11(a) read with Section 23(g) of the South African Income Tax Act?	For expenditure and losses to be deductible under the general deduction formula: 1. Must be carrying on a trade, 2. Expenditure and losses must be actually incurred, 3. During the year of assessment, 4. In the production of income (closely connected to income-earning operations—Port Elizabeth Electric Tramway Co), 5. Not of a capital nature (floating vs. fixed capital—New State Areas), and 6. Laid out or expended for the purposes of trade (Section 23(g)).
8	In SAICA ITC Corporate Law (Companies Act 71 of 2008), what is the 'Solvency and Liquidity Test' under Section 4, and which transactions require both a Board Resolution applying the Section 4 test and/or a Special Resolution?	Under Section 4, a company satisfies the Solvency and Liquidity Test at a particular time if, considering all reasonably foreseeable financial circumstances: (a) Solvency: the assets of the company, fairly valued, equal or exceed the liabilities of the company, fairly valued; AND (b) Liquidity: it appears that the company will be able to pay its debts as they become due in the ordinary course of business for a period of 12 months after the test date (or 12 months after a distribution). Required for: Distributions/Dividends (Section 46—Board resolution + S4 test), Share Repurchases/Buy-backs (Section 48), Financial Assistance for purchase of shares (Section 44—Board + S4 test + Special Resolution within past 2 years), and Loans/Financial Assistance to Directors or Related/Inter-related companies (Section 45—Board + S4 test + Special Resolution + written notice to shareholders/trade unions).
9	In KASNEB CPA Kenya (Public Finance and Taxation - Income Tax Act Cap 470), what are the Corporate Tax rates, VAT rates, Digital Service Tax / Significant Economic Presence rules, and Capital Deductions in Kenya?	In Kenya under the Income Tax Act (Cap 470): Resident corporate income tax rate is 30%; standard VAT rate under the VAT Act 2013 is 16% (with 8% on petroleum products or unified 16% per latest Finance Act, and 0% on exports). Investment Allowance / Wear and Tear on industrial buildings, hotel buildings, and manufacturing machinery is claimed at 50% in the first year of use and 25% per annum on a reducing balance basis thereafter (or 10% straight line on commercial buildings). Monthly PAYE, NSSF, SHIF (Social Health Insurance Fund, 2.75% of gross salary replacing NHIF), and Affordable Housing Levy (1.5% employee + 1.5% employer) are remitted by the 9th of the following month via KRA iTax.
10	In HPCSA Psychiatry & Mental Health Care Act 17 of 2002 (South Africa), what is the legal procedure for admitting an Involuntary or Assisted Mental Health Care User, and what is a 72-Hour Assessment?	Under the Mental Health Care Act 17 of 2002: An application (MHCA 04) is made by a spouse/next-of-kin (or healthcare provider if unavailable) after examining the user. Two mental health care practitioners (at least one must be a medical practitioner) examine the user independently (MHCA 05) to confirm mental illness and danger to self/others/reputation. The Head of the Health Establishment approves (MHCA 07) a mandatory 72-HOUR ASSESSMENT period at a designated district/general hospital before any transfer to a specialized psychiatric hospital, with review by the Mental Health Review Board.
11	In HPCSA Surgery & Orthopedics, what are the 6 P's of Acute Compartment Syndrome / Acute Limb Ischaemia, which clinical sign is the EARLIEST indicator of Compartment Syndrome, and what is the emergency surgical treatment?	6 P's: Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Paraesthesia, Paralysis, and Poikilothermia (perishingly cold). In Acute Compartment Syndrome (typically following tibial or forearm fractures or tight plaster casts), the EARLIEST and most sensitive sign is severe PAIN out of proportion to the injury, aggressively worsened by passive stretching of the muscles in that compartment (pulselessness and paralysis are LATE signs indicating irreversible myonecrosis). Emergency treatment: immediately split/remove all casts and bandages down to the skin and perform urgent decompressive two-incision four-compartment FASCIOTOMY.
12	In KASNEB CPA Kenya (Public Financial Management Act 2012), what are the roles of the National Treasury, the Controller of Budget (COB), and the Auditor-General in Kenya?	National Treasury: formulates macro-fiscal policy, prepares the annual Budget Policy Statement (BPS), and manages the Consolidated Fund. Controller of Budget (COB, Art. 228): oversees implementation of the budgets of the National and 47 County Governments by AUTHORIZING withdrawals from public funds (Consolidated Fund, Equalization Fund, County Revenue Funds) only when satisfied the withdrawal is authorized by law. Auditor-General (Art. 229): within 6 months after the end of each financial year, audits and reports on the accounts of all National and County Government entities, courts, commissions, and public debt.
13	In the HPCSA Medical Board Exam (South African Health Law & Bioethics), at what age can a child independently consent to (a) Medical Treatment, (b) Surgical Operations, (c) HIV Testing, and (d) Termination of Pregnancy in South Africa?	Under the Children's Act 38 of 2005 (Sections 129–134): (a) Medical treatment: age 12 years AND of sufficient maturity and mental capacity to understand benefits, risks, and social implications; (b) Surgical operation: age 12 years AND sufficient maturity, DULY ASSISTED by their parent or guardian; (c) HIV testing and access to contraceptives (condoms): age 12 years (or younger if of sufficient maturity); (d) Under the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act 92 of 1996: a pregnant female of ANY AGE (including a minor under 18) can give informed consent to a termination of pregnancy without parental or spousal consent (up to 12 weeks on request by a doctor/registered midwife; 13–20 weeks on socio-economic/medical/rape/incest grounds).
14	In SAICA ITC Auditing (Auditing Profession Act 26 of 2005, Section 45), what are the five criteria that constitute a 'Reportable Irregularity' (RI), and what are the registered auditor's statutory reporting deadlines to IRBA?	A Reportable Irregularity is any unlawful act or omission committed by any person responsible for the management of an entity, which: 1. Has caused or is likely to cause material financial loss to the entity or to any partner, member, shareholder, creditor, or investor, OR 2. Is fraudulent or amounts to theft, OR 3. Represents a material breach of any fiduciary duty owed by such person. Deadlines: If the auditor is satisfied or has reason to believe an RI is taking place, they must WITHOUT DELAY send a written report to the IRBA (Independent Regulatory Board for Auditors); within 3 DAYS of sending that report to IRBA, notify the management board in writing; and within 30 DAYS of the initial report to IRBA, discuss it with management and submit a second report to IRBA stating whether the RI is continuing, has ceased, or did not exist.
15	In SAICA ITC Taxation (Capital Allowances), compare the Section 12C Manufacturing Allowance with the Section 11(e) Wear-and-Tear Allowance and the Section 13quin Commercial Building Allowance.	Section 12C (machinery/plant used directly in a process of manufacture): 40% in Year 1 and 20% in each of the next 3 years (40:20:20:20) for NEW/unused manufacturing plant, or 20% per year over 5 years (20:20:20:20:20) for used manufacturing plant, NOT apportioned for part of a year. Section 11(e) (non-manufacturing movable assets): written off over SARS Binding General Ruling No. 7 useful life and APPORTIONED for the number of days/months used during the year. Section 13quin: 5% straight-line per year (not apportioned) on the cost of new and unused commercial buildings (or improvements) owned by the taxpayer.
16	In KASNEB CPA Kenya (Advanced Financial Management - Portfolio Theory & CAPM), distinguish between Systematic (Market / Non-Diversifiable) Risk and Unsystematic (Specific / Diversifiable) Risk.	Unsystematic risk is specific to a single firm or industry (strikes, management errors, lawsuits) and can be eliminated by holding a well-diversified portfolio of 15–20+ uncorrelated stocks. Systematic risk is economy-wide macro risk (interest rates, inflation, GDP shocks, exchange rates) that affects all securities and CANNOT be diversified away; it is measured by Beta (β = Cov(R_i, R_m) / Var(R_m)), and investors are only compensated with a risk premium for bearing systematic risk.
17	In SAICA ITC Taxation (Estate Duty & Donations Tax in South Africa), what are the rates and primary exemptions for Donations Tax (Sections 54–64) and Estate Duty (Estate Duty Act 45 of 1955)?	Donations Tax & Estate Duty both follow a two-tier rate: 20% on the cumulative dutiable value up to R30 million, and 25% on any excess above R30 million. Key Donations Tax exemptions: donations between spouses (s56(1)(b)), donations to approved Public Benefit Organisations (PBOs), and the annual natural-person casual exemption of R100,000 per year of assessment (s56(2)(b)). Key Estate Duty deductions: bequests to a surviving spouse (Section 4(q)) and the Section 4A primary abatement of R3.5 million per person (rollover up to R7 million for the surviving spouse).
18	In the HPCSA (Health Professions Council of South Africa) Medical Board Exam, what is the standard first-line Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) regimen for adults and adolescents in South Africa under National Department of Health guidelines?	TLD fixed-dose combination (1 tablet daily): Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF, 300 mg) + Lamivudine (3TC, 300 mg) + Dolutegravir (DTG, 50 mg). Note key clinical rules: check baseline serum creatinine/eGFR before starting TDF (contraindicated if eGFR < 50 mL/min—substitute Abacavir ABC); if the patient is co-infected with Tuberculosis and taking Rifampicin, DOUBLE the dose of Dolutegravir to 50 mg TWICE daily (add an extra 50 mg DTG tablet 12 hours after TLD) until 2 weeks after completing Rifampicin.
19	In the HPCSA Medical Board Exam (Obstetrics - Saving Mothers Guidelines), how are Severe Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia managed in South African district/regional hospitals?	1. Seizure prophylaxis/control with Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4—Pritchard regimen: 4 g IV in 200 mL normal saline over 20 min + 5 g deep IM in each buttock = 14 g loading dose, then 5 g IM every 4 hours while monitoring respiratory rate ≥ 16/min, urine output ≥ 30 mL/hr, and patellar reflexes; antidote is 10 mL of 10% Calcium Gluconate IV). 2. Rapid lowering of acute severe hypertension (BP ≥ 160/110 mmHg) using oral Nifedipine (10 mg stat, not sublingual) or IV Labetalol / Hydralazine, plus Methyldopa for maintenance. 3. Stabilize the mother FIRST, then expedite delivery (definitive cure).
20	In the HPCSA Medical Board Exam (Trauma & ATLS), what is the Primary Survey sequence (cABCDE), and what is the immediate life-saving intervention for a Tension Pneumothorax vs. Open Pneumothorax vs. Cardiac Tamponade?	Primary Survey: catastrophic haemorrhage control, Airway with cervical spine protection, Breathing and ventilation, Circulation with haemorrhage control, Disability (GCS/pupils), Exposure/environmental control. Tension Pneumothorax (tracheal deviation away, hyperresonance, absent breath sounds, distended neck veins, obstructive shock): immediate needle decompression (5th intercostal space, slightly anterior to mid-axillary line in adults; 2nd ICS mid-clavicular in children) followed by intercostal chest drain (ICD) in the 'triangle of safety'. Open ('sucking') Pneumothorax: three-sided occlusive dressing taped on 3 sides (flutter-valve effect) followed by ICD through a separate incision. Cardiac Tamponade (Beck's triad: hypotension, muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins): emergency resuscitative thoracotomy / pericardiocentesis.
21	In SAICA ITC Financial Reporting (IFRS 3 & IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements), how is Goodwill (or Gain on Bargain Purchase) measured at the acquisition date, and what are the two options for measuring Non-Controlling Interest (NCI)?	Goodwill = [Consideration Transferred (at fair value) + Non-Controlling Interest (NCI) at acquisition + Fair Value of previously held equity interest] minus [Net Identifiable Assets Acquired & Liabilities Assumed at acquisition-date Fair Value] (including deferred tax on fair value adjustments). IFRS 3 permits an accounting policy choice per transaction to measure NCI at acquisition at EITHER: (1) Fair Value ('Full Goodwill' method) OR (2) the NCI's proportionate share of the acquiree's identifiable net assets ('Partial Goodwill' method).
22	In the HPCSA Medical Board Exam (Pediatrics - IMCI & Severe Acute Malnutrition), what are the WHO/SA 10 Steps for routine inpatient management of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM: Kwashiorkor / Marasmus)?	In the Initial Stabilization Phase (Days 1–2), ALWAYS address the immediate lethal triad FIRST: 1. Treat/prevent Hypoglycaemia (10% Dextrose 5 mL/kg IV or F-75 feed), 2. Treat/prevent Hypothermia (Kangaroo care/warming), 3. Treat/prevent Dehydration cautiously using ReSoMal (NEVER give routine IV fluids unless in overt shock, to avoid fatal heart failure), 4. Correct Electrolyte imbalance (give extra K⁺ and Mg²⁺, restrict Na⁺), 5. Treat Infection empirically (broad-spectrum antibiotics even without fever), 6. Correct Micronutrient deficiencies (Vitamin A, Folic acid, Zinc, Copper—DELAY Iron until the Rehabilitation Phase when appetite returns and infection resolves, because free iron feeds bacterial sepsis), 7. Cautious feeding with starter F-75, 8. Catch-up growth with F-100/RUTF, 9. Sensory stimulation, 10. Prepare for follow-up.
23	In KASNEB CPA Kenya (Company Law - Companies Act 2015 of Kenya), how did the Kenyan Companies Act 2015 reform the Ultra Vires Doctrine, Single-Member Companies, Company Secretaries, and Derivative Actions?	Under the Kenyan Companies Act 2015: 1. A single person can form both a Private and a Public company; 2. Unless a company's Articles specifically restrict its objects, its objects are UNRESTRICTED (Section 28), abolishing the strict common-law ultra vires invalidity rule for third parties dealing in good faith; 3. Only Public Companies and Private Companies with paid-up capital of KSh 5 million or more are required to appoint a certified Company Secretary (CPS-K); and 4. Statutory Derivative Actions (Part XI) allow a member to sue in the company's name for negligence, default, breach of duty, or breach of trust by a director.
24	In SAICA ITC Corporate Law (Companies Act 71 of 2008, Sections 76 & 77), what are the Fiduciary Duties of Directors and the 'Business Judgment Rule' defence (Section 76(4))?	Under Section 76(3), a director must exercise their powers and perform their functions: (a) in good faith and for a proper purpose, (b) in the best interests of the company, and (c) with the degree of care, skill, and diligence reasonably expected of a person carrying out those functions and having that director's knowledge, skill, and experience. Under the Business Judgment Rule (Section 76(4)), a director satisfies (b) and (c) if they took reasonably diligent steps to become informed about the matter, had no material personal financial interest (or properly disclosed it under Section 75), and had a rational basis for believing the decision was in the best interests of the company.
25	In SAICA ITC Management Accounting & Finance, how do you calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) and apply the Net Present Value (NPV) decision rule?	WACC = (E / V) · K_e + (P / V) · K_p + (D / V) · K_d(1 - t), where weights E, P, and D are based on TARGET or CURRENT MARKET VALUES (never book values), K_e is estimated via the Capital Asset Pricing Model [K_e = R_f + β(R_m - R_f)], and K_d(1 - t) is the after-tax cost of debt. In NPV capital budgeting, discount relevant incremental after-tax cash flows (excluding sunk costs, depreciation, and financing/interest flows since interest is already embedded in the WACC discount rate) at WACC; accept the project if NPV > 0.
26	In the HPCSA Medical Board Exam (HIV & TB Co-infection), when should Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) be initiated in a newly diagnosed HIV-positive patient who has active Pulmonary TB versus Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) or Cryptococcal Meningitis?	To balance survival against fatal central nervous system IRIS (Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome): 1. Active Pulmonary TB with CD4 < 50 cells/µL: start TB treatment first, then initiate ART within 2 WEEKS. 2. Active Pulmonary TB with CD4 ≥ 50 cells/µL: start ART within 2 to 8 WEEKS of starting TB therapy. 3. Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) or Cryptococcal Meningitis: DEFER ART initiation for 4 to 8 WEEKS (4–6 weeks after starting amphotericin B/flucytosine/fluconazole for cryptococcal meningitis; 4–8 weeks for TBM) because immediate ART significantly increases mortality from CNS IRIS.
27	In KASNEB CPA Kenya (Law of Contract & Sale of Goods Act Cap 31), state the implied conditions in a contract for the Sale of Goods under the Kenyan Sale of Goods Act (Cap 31).	1. Implied condition as to Title (Section 14: seller has the right to sell the goods), 2. Sale by Description (Section 15: goods must correspond with the description), 3. Implied condition as to Merchantable Quality and Fitness for Purpose (Section 16: exception to Caveat Emptor when bought from a seller who deals in goods of that description and buyer makes known the particular purpose), and 4. Sale by Sample (Section 17: bulk must correspond with the sample in quality, and buyer must have a reasonable opportunity of comparing the bulk with the sample).
28	In the HPCSA Medical Board Exam (Drug-Sensitive & Rifampicin-Resistant TB in South Africa), what is the first-line diagnostic test for TB in South Africa, and what is the 6-month regimen for Drug-Sensitive Pulmonary TB?	First-line diagnostic test: Sputum Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (detects both Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA and rpoB gene mutations conferring Rifampicin resistance within 2 hours). Drug-Sensitive TB regimen (6 months total): 2 months Intensive Phase of RHZE (Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol) daily, followed by 4 months Continuation Phase of RH (Rifampicin + Isoniazid) daily.
29	In SAICA ITC Taxation (Eighth Schedule: Capital Gains Tax - CGT), how is a Taxable Capital Gain calculated for an Individual vs. a Company vs. an Ordinary Trust in South Africa?	1. For each disposal of an asset: Capital Gain/Loss = Proceeds minus Base Cost (Paragraph 20 expenditure, or valuation date value for pre-1 Oct 2001 assets). 2. Sum all capital gains and losses for the year and subtract the Annual Exclusion (R40,000 for natural persons/special trusts; R300,000 in the year of death; R0 for companies and ordinary trusts). 3. Deduct any assessed capital loss brought forward from the prior year to get Net Capital Gain. 4. Multiply Net Capital Gain by the statutory INCLUSION RATE: 40% for Individuals/Special Trusts (max effective rate 40% × 45% = 18%), 80% for Companies (effective rate 80% × 27% = 21.6%), and 80% for Ordinary Trusts (effective rate 80% × 45% = 36%).
30	In HPCSA Internal Medicine & Emergency Medicine, how is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) diagnosed and managed step-by-step?	Diagnostic triad of DKA: 1. Hyperglycaemia (blood glucose > 13.9 mmol/L), 2. Ketonaemia (blood ketones ≥ 3.0 mmol/L or ≥ 2+ ketonuria), and 3. High-anion-gap Metabolic Acidosis (arterial pH < 7.3 or serum bicarbonate < 18 mmol/L). Management order: 1. Aggressive IV Fluid resuscitation FIRST (0.9% Normal Saline 1 L in first hour; switch to 5% Dextrose-containing fluid once blood glucose falls below 14 mmol/L while continuing insulin to clear ketones), 2. Potassium replacement BEFORE or WITH insulin (insulin drives K⁺ into cells; if serum K⁺ < 3.3 mmol/L, HOLD insulin and give IV KCl first to prevent fatal arrhythmia; if K⁺ is 3.3–5.2 mmol/L, add 20–40 mmol KCl per litre of IV fluid), 3. Regular Soluble Actrapid Insulin IV infusion at 0.1 units/kg/hour, and 4. Identify/treat precipitating cause (infection, missed insulin, MI).
31	In SAICA ITC Financial Reporting (IAS 12 Income Taxes), when does a Taxable Temporary Difference vs. a Deductible Temporary Difference arise, and how is Deferred Tax calculated on Revalued Land vs. Depreciable Buildings/Equipment in South Africa?	Carrying Amount (CA) > Tax Base (TB) of an asset creates a Taxable Temporary Difference -> Deferred Tax Liability (DTL); CA < TB creates a Deductible Temporary Difference -> Deferred Tax Asset (DTA). Under IAS 12, non-depreciable Land is presumed to be recovered through SALE, so revaluation above base cost is taxed at the CGT effective rate (80% × 27% = 21.6% in SA). Depreciable Plant/Machinery is recovered through USE, so differences up to original cost are taxed at 27% (recoupment under s8(4)(a)), and any excess above original cost is taxed at the 21.6% CGT rate.
32	In the HPCSA Medical Board Exam (Prevention of Vertical Transmission of HIV / PMTCT), how is an HIV-exposed newborn managed at birth in South Africa?	1. Perform a Birth HIV PCR test on ALL HIV-exposed infants at delivery (and repeat HIV PCR at 10 weeks, at 6 months, and 6 weeks after cessation of breastfeeding, plus an HIV rapid antibody test at 18 months). 2. Low-risk infant (mother on lifelong ART with viral load < 1,000 copies/mL): give daily Nevirapine (NVP) syrup for 6 weeks. 3. High-risk infant (maternal viral load ≥ 1,000 copies/mL within 4 weeks of delivery, or mother not on ART): give DUAL prophylaxis—daily Nevirapine (NVP) for 12 weeks PLUS twice-daily Zidovudine (AZT) for the first 6 weeks.