What visual defect is Myopia, where does light focus, and what lens corrects it?

Myopia (Nearsightedness): Eyeball is too long; image focuses in FRONT of the retina; corrected with a DIVERGING (concave, negative power) lens to push the focal point back onto the retina.

Under what conditions does Total Internal Reflection occur and what is the Critical Angle formula?

Occurs ONLY when light travels from a higher-index medium to a lower-index medium (n1 > n2) at an incident angle greater than or equal to the critical angle theta_c: sin(theta_c) = n2 / n1.

What is the formula for Capacitance and how do dielectrics alter capacitance?

C = Q / V = kappa * (epsilon0 * A / d). Inserting a dielectric material with dielectric constant kappa > 1 between the plates always INCREASES capacitance by a factor of kappa.

How do equivalent capacitance formulas differ for Capacitors in Series versus Parallel?

• Series: 1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + ... (opposite of resistors; same charge Q stored on each). • Parallel: Ceq = C1 + C2 + ... (voltages across each capacitor are equal).

What is the Thin Lens Equation and the Magnification formula?

1/f = 1/do + 1/di. Magnification m = -di / do = hi / ho. • Real image: di > 0, inverted (m 0).

What are the formulas for Centripetal Acceleration and Centripetal Force in uniform circular motion?

ac = v^2 / r = omega^2 * r. Centripetal Force Fc = m * v^2 / r, always directed radially inward toward the center of the circular trajectory (perpendicular to velocity vector; does zero work).

What is the fundamental wave speed relationship and sound decibel formula?

v = f * lambda. Wave speed depends only on the medium (sound travels fastest in solids, slowest in gases). Decibel level beta = 10 * log10(I / I0), where I0 = 10^-12 W/m^2 (threshold of hearing). An increase of 20 dB represents a 100-fold increase in sound intensity.

What is the formula for static friction versus kinetic friction?

• Static friction: fs mu_k for almost all surface pairs.

What is Ohm's Law and how is electrical resistance related to resistivity and geometry?

V = I * R. Resistance R = rho * (L / A), where rho is material resistivity, L is conductor length, and A is cross-sectional area. Resistance increases with longer length, smaller area, or higher temperature.

What are the three formulas for energy stored in a charged capacitor?

U_cap = 0.5 * Q * V = 0.5 * C * V^2 = Q^2 / (2 * C).

What is conserved in an Elastic Collision versus an Inelastic Collision?

• Elastic Collision: BOTH total momentum and total kinetic energy are strictly conserved. • Inelastic Collision: Total momentum is conserved; kinetic energy is NOT conserved (converted to thermal/acoustic energy). • Completely Inelastic: Objects stick together, maximizing kinetic energy loss.

What does the Continuity Equation dictate for incompressible fluid flow?

A1 * v1 = A2 * v2 = Q (volumetric flow rate in m^3/s). As cross-sectional pipe area decreases, fluid velocity increases proportionally.

What are Coulomb's Law and the Electric Field of a point charge?

• Force: Fe = (k * |q1 * q2|) / r^2 (k = 8.99 * 10^9 N*m^2/C^2). • Electric Field: E = Fe / q = (k * Q) / r^2. Field lines point away from positive charges and toward negative charges.

What are the formulas for average and instantaneous Power?

• Average Power: P = W / Delta t = Delta E / Delta t (units: Watts = J/s). • Instantaneous Power: P = F * v * cos(theta).

What is Snell's Law of Refraction and the index of refraction definition?

n1 * sin(theta1) = n2 * sin(theta2), where n = c / v. When light passes into an optically denser medium (n2 > n1), light slows down and bends TOWARD the normal.

How do equivalent resistance formulas differ for Resistors in Series versus Parallel?

• Series: Req = R1 + R2 + ... (same current I flows through each resistor; voltages sum). • Parallel: 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... (same voltage V across each branch; currents sum).

What are the four Kinematic Equations for motion with constant acceleration?

1. v = v0 + a * t 2. Delta x = v0 * t + 0.5 * a * t^2 3. v^2 = v0^2 + 2 * a * Delta x 4. Delta x = [(v0 + v) / 2] * t.

What is the formula for Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential (Voltage)?

• Electric Potential Energy: U = (k * q1 * q2) / r = q * V. • Electric Potential: V = (k * Q) / r. Work done by electric field moving charge q is W = -q * Delta V.

What is Poiseuille's Law and how does vessel radius affect laminar flow rate Q?

Q = (pi * Delta P * r^4) / (8 * eta * L), where eta is fluid viscosity and L is vessel length. Flow rate is proportional to radius to the FOURTH POWER (r^4); halving the radius of an arteriole increases resistance 16-fold, decreasing flow by 94%.

What is the Hydrostatic Pressure formula at depth h in a static fluid?

P_total = P0 + rho * g * h, where P0 is surface atmospheric pressure, rho is fluid density, and h is depth beneath the surface. Gauge pressure = P_total - P0 = rho * g * h.

What is the Doppler Effect equation for perceived frequency?

f' = f * [(v ± v_detector) / (v ∓ v_source)]. Use the TOP signs when moving TOWARD each other (increases perceived frequency); use the BOTTOM signs when moving AWAY from each other.

What is the formula for Torque and the two conditions for complete Static Equilibrium?

Torque tau = r * F * sin(theta) = F * (lever arm). For static equilibrium: 1. Translational Equilibrium: Sum of all external forces = 0 (sum Fx = 0, sum Fy = 0). 2. Rotational Equilibrium: Sum of all external torques = 0.

What is the formula for optical Lens Power and the combination rule for contact lenses?

Power P = 1 / f (in diopters D = m^-1, where focal length f must be in meters). For multiple thin lenses in contact: P_total = P1 + P2 + ... and total magnification M_total = m1 * m2 * ...

What are the formulas for Gravitational Potential Energy and Elastic Potential Energy?

• Gravitational PE: PE_grav = m * g * h (near Earth's surface). • Elastic PE: PE_elastic = 0.5 * k * x^2, where k is spring constant and x is displacement from equilibrium (Hooke's Law: F = -k*x).

What is Bernoulli's Equation and the Venturi Effect?

P + 0.5 * rho * v^2 + rho * g * h = Constant. The Venturi Effect states that when a fluid flows through a constricted pipe section, its velocity increases, causing its static pressure P to decrease.

What are the harmonic wavelength and frequency formulas for open-open pipes versus open-closed pipes?

• Open-open pipe (or string with fixed ends): lambda_n = 2L / n; fn = n * v / (2L) (n = 1, 2, 3... all harmonics). • Open-closed pipe: lambda_n = 4L / n; fn = n * v / (4L) (n = 1, 3, 5... ONLY ODD harmonics exist!).

What are the horizontal and vertical velocity components in projectile motion (neglecting air resistance)?

• Horizontal: vx = v0 * cos(theta) (constant; ax = 0). • Vertical: vy = v0 * sin(theta) - g * t (ay = -g). At the maximum height of trajectory, vy = 0.

What is the formula for photon energy and Einstein's Photoelectric Effect equation?

E = h * f = (h * c) / lambda (h = 6.626 * 10^-34 J*s). Photoelectric effect: KE_max = h * f - W, where W = h * f0 is the metal's work function. Increasing light frequency increases ejected electron kinetic energy; increasing light intensity increases the number of ejected electrons.

What is the Work-Energy Theorem and the formula for work done by a constant force?

W_net = Delta KE = 0.5 * m * (vf^2 - vi^2). Work done by a force F acting over displacement d is W = F * d * cos(theta), where theta is the angle between force and displacement vectors.

What is Archimedes' Principle and the formula for Buoyant Force?

F_buoyant = rho_fluid * V_submerged * g. The buoyant force equals the weight of the displaced fluid. For a floating object: F_buoyant = F_gravity => V_submerged / V_total = rho_object / rho_fluid.

What are the optical properties of Converging versus Diverging lenses/mirrors?

• Converging (Convex lens / Concave mirror): f > 0; forms real, inverted images when do > f; forms virtual, upright, magnified image when do < f. • Diverging (Concave lens / Convex mirror): f < 0; ALWAYS forms a virtual, upright, reduced image (m < 1) regardless of object placement.

Bioquímica — Intermedio (B1/B2) 4: Physics Mechanics, Fluids, Circuits & Optics Formulas

[Español] Bioquímica: Kinematics, Newton's laws, work-energy theorem, Bernoulli's equation, hydrostatic pressure, Ohm's law, capacitors in series/parallel, Snell's law, and thin lens equation.

Level: intermediate
Languages: es → es
Cards: 32
Markdown: Bioquímica — Intermedio (B1/B2) 4: Physics Mechanics, Fluids, Circuits & Optics Formulas (.md)

Flashcards (32)

#	Front (Term / Question)	Back (Definition / Answer)
1	What visual defect is Myopia, where does light focus, and what lens corrects it?	Myopia (Nearsightedness): Eyeball is too long; image focuses in FRONT of the retina; corrected with a DIVERGING (concave, negative power) lens to push the focal point back onto the retina.
2	Under what conditions does Total Internal Reflection occur and what is the Critical Angle formula?	Occurs ONLY when light travels from a higher-index medium to a lower-index medium (n1 > n2) at an incident angle greater than or equal to the critical angle theta_c: sin(theta_c) = n2 / n1.
3	What is the formula for Capacitance and how do dielectrics alter capacitance?	C = Q / V = kappa * (epsilon0 * A / d). Inserting a dielectric material with dielectric constant kappa > 1 between the plates always INCREASES capacitance by a factor of kappa.
4	How do equivalent capacitance formulas differ for Capacitors in Series versus Parallel?	• Series: 1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + ... (opposite of resistors; same charge Q stored on each). • Parallel: Ceq = C1 + C2 + ... (voltages across each capacitor are equal).
5	What is the Thin Lens Equation and the Magnification formula?	1/f = 1/do + 1/di. Magnification m = -di / do = hi / ho. • Real image: di > 0, inverted (m < 0). • Virtual image: di < 0, upright (m > 0).
6	What are the formulas for Centripetal Acceleration and Centripetal Force in uniform circular motion?	ac = v^2 / r = omega^2 * r. Centripetal Force Fc = m * v^2 / r, always directed radially inward toward the center of the circular trajectory (perpendicular to velocity vector; does zero work).
7	What is the fundamental wave speed relationship and sound decibel formula?	v = f * lambda. Wave speed depends only on the medium (sound travels fastest in solids, slowest in gases). Decibel level beta = 10 * log10(I / I0), where I0 = 10^-12 W/m^2 (threshold of hearing). An increase of 20 dB represents a 100-fold increase in sound intensity.
8	What is the formula for static friction versus kinetic friction?	• Static friction: fs <= mu_s * F_N (opposes impending motion up to a maximum threshold). • Kinetic friction: fk = mu_k * F_N (acts on moving surfaces). Note: mu_s > mu_k for almost all surface pairs.
9	What is Ohm's Law and how is electrical resistance related to resistivity and geometry?	V = I * R. Resistance R = rho * (L / A), where rho is material resistivity, L is conductor length, and A is cross-sectional area. Resistance increases with longer length, smaller area, or higher temperature.
10	What are the three formulas for energy stored in a charged capacitor?	U_cap = 0.5 * Q * V = 0.5 * C * V^2 = Q^2 / (2 * C).
11	What is conserved in an Elastic Collision versus an Inelastic Collision?	• Elastic Collision: BOTH total momentum and total kinetic energy are strictly conserved. • Inelastic Collision: Total momentum is conserved; kinetic energy is NOT conserved (converted to thermal/acoustic energy). • Completely Inelastic: Objects stick together, maximizing kinetic energy loss.
12	What does the Continuity Equation dictate for incompressible fluid flow?	A1 * v1 = A2 * v2 = Q (volumetric flow rate in m^3/s). As cross-sectional pipe area decreases, fluid velocity increases proportionally.
13	What are Coulomb's Law and the Electric Field of a point charge?	• Force: Fe = (k * \|q1 * q2\|) / r^2 (k = 8.99 * 10^9 Nm^2/C^2). • Electric Field: E = Fe / q = (k Q) / r^2. Field lines point away from positive charges and toward negative charges.
14	What are the formulas for average and instantaneous Power?	• Average Power: P = W / Delta t = Delta E / Delta t (units: Watts = J/s). • Instantaneous Power: P = F * v * cos(theta).
15	What is Snell's Law of Refraction and the index of refraction definition?	n1 * sin(theta1) = n2 * sin(theta2), where n = c / v. When light passes into an optically denser medium (n2 > n1), light slows down and bends TOWARD the normal.
16	How do equivalent resistance formulas differ for Resistors in Series versus Parallel?	• Series: Req = R1 + R2 + ... (same current I flows through each resistor; voltages sum). • Parallel: 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... (same voltage V across each branch; currents sum).
17	What are the four Kinematic Equations for motion with constant acceleration?	1. v = v0 + a * t 2. Delta x = v0 * t + 0.5 * a * t^2 3. v^2 = v0^2 + 2 * a * Delta x 4. Delta x = [(v0 + v) / 2] * t.
18	What is the formula for Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential (Voltage)?	• Electric Potential Energy: U = (k * q1 * q2) / r = q * V. • Electric Potential: V = (k * Q) / r. Work done by electric field moving charge q is W = -q * Delta V.
19	What is Poiseuille's Law and how does vessel radius affect laminar flow rate Q?	Q = (pi * Delta P * r^4) / (8 * eta * L), where eta is fluid viscosity and L is vessel length. Flow rate is proportional to radius to the FOURTH POWER (r^4); halving the radius of an arteriole increases resistance 16-fold, decreasing flow by 94%.
20	What is the Hydrostatic Pressure formula at depth h in a static fluid?	P_total = P0 + rho * g * h, where P0 is surface atmospheric pressure, rho is fluid density, and h is depth beneath the surface. Gauge pressure = P_total - P0 = rho * g * h.
21	What is the Doppler Effect equation for perceived frequency?	f' = f * [(v ± v_detector) / (v ∓ v_source)]. Use the TOP signs when moving TOWARD each other (increases perceived frequency); use the BOTTOM signs when moving AWAY from each other.
22	What is the formula for Torque and the two conditions for complete Static Equilibrium?	Torque tau = r * F * sin(theta) = F * (lever arm). For static equilibrium: 1. Translational Equilibrium: Sum of all external forces = 0 (sum Fx = 0, sum Fy = 0). 2. Rotational Equilibrium: Sum of all external torques = 0.
23	What is the formula for optical Lens Power and the combination rule for contact lenses?	Power P = 1 / f (in diopters D = m^-1, where focal length f must be in meters). For multiple thin lenses in contact: P_total = P1 + P2 + ... and total magnification M_total = m1 * m2 * ...
24	What are the formulas for Gravitational Potential Energy and Elastic Potential Energy?	• Gravitational PE: PE_grav = m * g * h (near Earth's surface). • Elastic PE: PE_elastic = 0.5 * k * x^2, where k is spring constant and x is displacement from equilibrium (Hooke's Law: F = -k*x).
25	What is Bernoulli's Equation and the Venturi Effect?	P + 0.5 * rho * v^2 + rho * g * h = Constant. The Venturi Effect states that when a fluid flows through a constricted pipe section, its velocity increases, causing its static pressure P to decrease.
26	What are the three formulas for electrical Power dissipation in a resistor?	P = I * V = I^2 * R = V^2 / R.
27	What are the harmonic wavelength and frequency formulas for open-open pipes versus open-closed pipes?	• Open-open pipe (or string with fixed ends): lambda_n = 2L / n; fn = n * v / (2L) (n = 1, 2, 3... all harmonics). • Open-closed pipe: lambda_n = 4L / n; fn = n * v / (4L) (n = 1, 3, 5... ONLY ODD harmonics exist!).
28	What are the horizontal and vertical velocity components in projectile motion (neglecting air resistance)?	• Horizontal: vx = v0 * cos(theta) (constant; ax = 0). • Vertical: vy = v0 * sin(theta) - g * t (ay = -g). At the maximum height of trajectory, vy = 0.
29	What is the formula for photon energy and Einstein's Photoelectric Effect equation?	E = h * f = (h * c) / lambda (h = 6.626 * 10^-34 Js). Photoelectric effect: KE_max = h f - W, where W = h * f0 is the metal's work function. Increasing light frequency increases ejected electron kinetic energy; increasing light intensity increases the number of ejected electrons.
30	What is the Work-Energy Theorem and the formula for work done by a constant force?	W_net = Delta KE = 0.5 * m * (vf^2 - vi^2). Work done by a force F acting over displacement d is W = F * d * cos(theta), where theta is the angle between force and displacement vectors.
31	What is Archimedes' Principle and the formula for Buoyant Force?	F_buoyant = rho_fluid * V_submerged * g. The buoyant force equals the weight of the displaced fluid. For a floating object: F_buoyant = F_gravity => V_submerged / V_total = rho_object / rho_fluid.
32	What are the optical properties of Converging versus Diverging lenses/mirrors?	• Converging (Convex lens / Concave mirror): f > 0; forms real, inverted images when do > f; forms virtual, upright, magnified image when do < f. • Diverging (Concave lens / Convex mirror): f < 0; ALWAYS forms a virtual, upright, reduced image (m < 1) regardless of object placement.