What is the Doppler Effect equation for perceived frequency?

f' = f * [(v ± v_detector) / (v ∓ v_source)]. Use the TOP signs when moving TOWARD each other (increases perceived frequency); use the BOTTOM signs when moving AWAY from each other.

What are Coulomb's Law and the Electric Field of a point charge?

• Force: Fe = (k * |q1 * q2|) / r^2 (k = 8.99 * 10^9 N*m^2/C^2). • Electric Field: E = Fe / q = (k * Q) / r^2. Field lines point away from positive charges and toward negative charges.

What visual defect is Myopia, where does light focus, and what lens corrects it?

Myopia (Nearsightedness): Eyeball is too long; image focuses in FRONT of the retina; corrected with a DIVERGING (concave, negative power) lens to push the focal point back onto the retina.

What is Archimedes' Principle and the formula for Buoyant Force?

F_buoyant = rho_fluid * V_submerged * g. The buoyant force equals the weight of the displaced fluid. For a floating object: F_buoyant = F_gravity => V_submerged / V_total = rho_object / rho_fluid.

What is Snell's Law of Refraction and the index of refraction definition?

n1 * sin(theta1) = n2 * sin(theta2), where n = c / v. When light passes into an optically denser medium (n2 > n1), light slows down and bends TOWARD the normal.

What is conserved in an Elastic Collision versus an Inelastic Collision?

• Elastic Collision: BOTH total momentum and total kinetic energy are strictly conserved. • Inelastic Collision: Total momentum is conserved; kinetic energy is NOT conserved (converted to thermal/acoustic energy). • Completely Inelastic: Objects stick together, maximizing kinetic energy loss.

What is the formula for optical Lens Power and the combination rule for contact lenses?

Power P = 1 / f (in diopters D = m^-1, where focal length f must be in meters). For multiple thin lenses in contact: P_total = P1 + P2 + ... and total magnification M_total = m1 * m2 * ...

How do equivalent resistance formulas differ for Resistors in Series versus Parallel?

• Series: Req = R1 + R2 + ... (same current I flows through each resistor; voltages sum). • Parallel: 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... (same voltage V across each branch; currents sum).

What is the formula for static friction versus kinetic friction?

• Static friction: fs mu_k for almost all surface pairs.

What is the Hydrostatic Pressure formula at depth h in a static fluid?

P_total = P0 + rho * g * h, where P0 is surface atmospheric pressure, rho is fluid density, and h is depth beneath the surface. Gauge pressure = P_total - P0 = rho * g * h.

What is Ohm's Law and how is electrical resistance related to resistivity and geometry?

V = I * R. Resistance R = rho * (L / A), where rho is material resistivity, L is conductor length, and A is cross-sectional area. Resistance increases with longer length, smaller area, or higher temperature.

What is the fundamental wave speed relationship and sound decibel formula?

v = f * lambda. Wave speed depends only on the medium (sound travels fastest in solids, slowest in gases). Decibel level beta = 10 * log10(I / I0), where I0 = 10^-12 W/m^2 (threshold of hearing). An increase of 20 dB represents a 100-fold increase in sound intensity.

Under what conditions does Total Internal Reflection occur and what is the Critical Angle formula?

Occurs ONLY when light travels from a higher-index medium to a lower-index medium (n1 > n2) at an incident angle greater than or equal to the critical angle theta_c: sin(theta_c) = n2 / n1.

What does the Continuity Equation dictate for incompressible fluid flow?

A1 * v1 = A2 * v2 = Q (volumetric flow rate in m^3/s). As cross-sectional pipe area decreases, fluid velocity increases proportionally.

What are the three formulas for energy stored in a charged capacitor?

U_cap = 0.5 * Q * V = 0.5 * C * V^2 = Q^2 / (2 * C).

What is the formula for photon energy and Einstein's Photoelectric Effect equation?

E = h * f = (h * c) / lambda (h = 6.626 * 10^-34 J*s). Photoelectric effect: KE_max = h * f - W, where W = h * f0 is the metal's work function. Increasing light frequency increases ejected electron kinetic energy; increasing light intensity increases the number of ejected electrons.

What is Bernoulli's Equation and the Venturi Effect?

P + 0.5 * rho * v^2 + rho * g * h = Constant. The Venturi Effect states that when a fluid flows through a constricted pipe section, its velocity increases, causing its static pressure P to decrease.

What are the four Kinematic Equations for motion with constant acceleration?

1. v = v0 + a * t 2. Delta x = v0 * t + 0.5 * a * t^2 3. v^2 = v0^2 + 2 * a * Delta x 4. Delta x = [(v0 + v) / 2] * t.

What are the formulas for Centripetal Acceleration and Centripetal Force in uniform circular motion?

ac = v^2 / r = omega^2 * r. Centripetal Force Fc = m * v^2 / r, always directed radially inward toward the center of the circular trajectory (perpendicular to velocity vector; does zero work).

What is Poiseuille's Law and how does vessel radius affect laminar flow rate Q?

Q = (pi * Delta P * r^4) / (8 * eta * L), where eta is fluid viscosity and L is vessel length. Flow rate is proportional to radius to the FOURTH POWER (r^4); halving the radius of an arteriole increases resistance 16-fold, decreasing flow by 94%.

What are the formulas for average and instantaneous Power?

• Average Power: P = W / Delta t = Delta E / Delta t (units: Watts = J/s). • Instantaneous Power: P = F * v * cos(theta).

What are the harmonic wavelength and frequency formulas for open-open pipes versus open-closed pipes?

• Open-open pipe (or string with fixed ends): lambda_n = 2L / n; fn = n * v / (2L) (n = 1, 2, 3... all harmonics). • Open-closed pipe: lambda_n = 4L / n; fn = n * v / (4L) (n = 1, 3, 5... ONLY ODD harmonics exist!).

What are the horizontal and vertical velocity components in projectile motion (neglecting air resistance)?

• Horizontal: vx = v0 * cos(theta) (constant; ax = 0). • Vertical: vy = v0 * sin(theta) - g * t (ay = -g). At the maximum height of trajectory, vy = 0.

What is the Work-Energy Theorem and the formula for work done by a constant force?

W_net = Delta KE = 0.5 * m * (vf^2 - vi^2). Work done by a force F acting over displacement d is W = F * d * cos(theta), where theta is the angle between force and displacement vectors.

What are the optical properties of Converging versus Diverging lenses/mirrors?

• Converging (Convex lens / Concave mirror): f > 0; forms real, inverted images when do > f; forms virtual, upright, magnified image when do < f. • Diverging (Concave lens / Convex mirror): f < 0; ALWAYS forms a virtual, upright, reduced image (m < 1) regardless of object placement.

How do equivalent capacitance formulas differ for Capacitors in Series versus Parallel?

• Series: 1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + ... (opposite of resistors; same charge Q stored on each). • Parallel: Ceq = C1 + C2 + ... (voltages across each capacitor are equal).

What is the Thin Lens Equation and the Magnification formula?

1/f = 1/do + 1/di. Magnification m = -di / do = hi / ho. • Real image: di > 0, inverted (m 0).

What is the formula for Torque and the two conditions for complete Static Equilibrium?

Torque tau = r * F * sin(theta) = F * (lever arm). For static equilibrium: 1. Translational Equilibrium: Sum of all external forces = 0 (sum Fx = 0, sum Fy = 0). 2. Rotational Equilibrium: Sum of all external torques = 0.

What are the formulas for Gravitational Potential Energy and Elastic Potential Energy?

• Gravitational PE: PE_grav = m * g * h (near Earth's surface). • Elastic PE: PE_elastic = 0.5 * k * x^2, where k is spring constant and x is displacement from equilibrium (Hooke's Law: F = -k*x).

What is the formula for Capacitance and how do dielectrics alter capacitance?

C = Q / V = kappa * (epsilon0 * A / d). Inserting a dielectric material with dielectric constant kappa > 1 between the plates always INCREASES capacitance by a factor of kappa.

What is the formula for Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential (Voltage)?

• Electric Potential Energy: U = (k * q1 * q2) / r = q * V. • Electric Potential: V = (k * Q) / r. Work done by electric field moving charge q is W = -q * Delta V.

Bioquímica — Intermedi (B1/B2) 4: Physics Mechanics, Fluids, Circuits & Optics Formulas

[Català] Bioquímica: Kinematics, Newton's laws, work-energy theorem, Bernoulli's equation, hydrostatic pressure, Ohm's law, capacitors in series/parallel, Snell's law, and thin lens equation.

Level: intermediate
Languages: ca → ca
Cards: 32
Markdown: Bioquímica — Intermedi (B1/B2) 4: Physics Mechanics, Fluids, Circuits & Optics Formulas (.md)

Flashcards (32)

#	Front (Term / Question)	Back (Definition / Answer)
1	What is the Doppler Effect equation for perceived frequency?	f' = f * [(v ± v_detector) / (v ∓ v_source)]. Use the TOP signs when moving TOWARD each other (increases perceived frequency); use the BOTTOM signs when moving AWAY from each other.
2	What are Coulomb's Law and the Electric Field of a point charge?	• Force: Fe = (k * \|q1 * q2\|) / r^2 (k = 8.99 * 10^9 Nm^2/C^2). • Electric Field: E = Fe / q = (k Q) / r^2. Field lines point away from positive charges and toward negative charges.
3	What visual defect is Myopia, where does light focus, and what lens corrects it?	Myopia (Nearsightedness): Eyeball is too long; image focuses in FRONT of the retina; corrected with a DIVERGING (concave, negative power) lens to push the focal point back onto the retina.
4	What are the three formulas for electrical Power dissipation in a resistor?	P = I * V = I^2 * R = V^2 / R.
5	What is Archimedes' Principle and the formula for Buoyant Force?	F_buoyant = rho_fluid * V_submerged * g. The buoyant force equals the weight of the displaced fluid. For a floating object: F_buoyant = F_gravity => V_submerged / V_total = rho_object / rho_fluid.
6	What is Snell's Law of Refraction and the index of refraction definition?	n1 * sin(theta1) = n2 * sin(theta2), where n = c / v. When light passes into an optically denser medium (n2 > n1), light slows down and bends TOWARD the normal.
7	What is conserved in an Elastic Collision versus an Inelastic Collision?	• Elastic Collision: BOTH total momentum and total kinetic energy are strictly conserved. • Inelastic Collision: Total momentum is conserved; kinetic energy is NOT conserved (converted to thermal/acoustic energy). • Completely Inelastic: Objects stick together, maximizing kinetic energy loss.
8	What is the formula for optical Lens Power and the combination rule for contact lenses?	Power P = 1 / f (in diopters D = m^-1, where focal length f must be in meters). For multiple thin lenses in contact: P_total = P1 + P2 + ... and total magnification M_total = m1 * m2 * ...
9	How do equivalent resistance formulas differ for Resistors in Series versus Parallel?	• Series: Req = R1 + R2 + ... (same current I flows through each resistor; voltages sum). • Parallel: 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... (same voltage V across each branch; currents sum).
10	What is the formula for static friction versus kinetic friction?	• Static friction: fs <= mu_s * F_N (opposes impending motion up to a maximum threshold). • Kinetic friction: fk = mu_k * F_N (acts on moving surfaces). Note: mu_s > mu_k for almost all surface pairs.
11	What is the Hydrostatic Pressure formula at depth h in a static fluid?	P_total = P0 + rho * g * h, where P0 is surface atmospheric pressure, rho is fluid density, and h is depth beneath the surface. Gauge pressure = P_total - P0 = rho * g * h.
12	What is Ohm's Law and how is electrical resistance related to resistivity and geometry?	V = I * R. Resistance R = rho * (L / A), where rho is material resistivity, L is conductor length, and A is cross-sectional area. Resistance increases with longer length, smaller area, or higher temperature.
13	What is the fundamental wave speed relationship and sound decibel formula?	v = f * lambda. Wave speed depends only on the medium (sound travels fastest in solids, slowest in gases). Decibel level beta = 10 * log10(I / I0), where I0 = 10^-12 W/m^2 (threshold of hearing). An increase of 20 dB represents a 100-fold increase in sound intensity.
14	Under what conditions does Total Internal Reflection occur and what is the Critical Angle formula?	Occurs ONLY when light travels from a higher-index medium to a lower-index medium (n1 > n2) at an incident angle greater than or equal to the critical angle theta_c: sin(theta_c) = n2 / n1.
15	What does the Continuity Equation dictate for incompressible fluid flow?	A1 * v1 = A2 * v2 = Q (volumetric flow rate in m^3/s). As cross-sectional pipe area decreases, fluid velocity increases proportionally.
16	What are the three formulas for energy stored in a charged capacitor?	U_cap = 0.5 * Q * V = 0.5 * C * V^2 = Q^2 / (2 * C).
17	What is the formula for photon energy and Einstein's Photoelectric Effect equation?	E = h * f = (h * c) / lambda (h = 6.626 * 10^-34 Js). Photoelectric effect: KE_max = h f - W, where W = h * f0 is the metal's work function. Increasing light frequency increases ejected electron kinetic energy; increasing light intensity increases the number of ejected electrons.
18	What is Bernoulli's Equation and the Venturi Effect?	P + 0.5 * rho * v^2 + rho * g * h = Constant. The Venturi Effect states that when a fluid flows through a constricted pipe section, its velocity increases, causing its static pressure P to decrease.
19	What are the four Kinematic Equations for motion with constant acceleration?	1. v = v0 + a * t 2. Delta x = v0 * t + 0.5 * a * t^2 3. v^2 = v0^2 + 2 * a * Delta x 4. Delta x = [(v0 + v) / 2] * t.
20	What are the formulas for Centripetal Acceleration and Centripetal Force in uniform circular motion?	ac = v^2 / r = omega^2 * r. Centripetal Force Fc = m * v^2 / r, always directed radially inward toward the center of the circular trajectory (perpendicular to velocity vector; does zero work).
21	What is Poiseuille's Law and how does vessel radius affect laminar flow rate Q?	Q = (pi * Delta P * r^4) / (8 * eta * L), where eta is fluid viscosity and L is vessel length. Flow rate is proportional to radius to the FOURTH POWER (r^4); halving the radius of an arteriole increases resistance 16-fold, decreasing flow by 94%.
22	What are the formulas for average and instantaneous Power?	• Average Power: P = W / Delta t = Delta E / Delta t (units: Watts = J/s). • Instantaneous Power: P = F * v * cos(theta).
23	What are the harmonic wavelength and frequency formulas for open-open pipes versus open-closed pipes?	• Open-open pipe (or string with fixed ends): lambda_n = 2L / n; fn = n * v / (2L) (n = 1, 2, 3... all harmonics). • Open-closed pipe: lambda_n = 4L / n; fn = n * v / (4L) (n = 1, 3, 5... ONLY ODD harmonics exist!).
24	What are the horizontal and vertical velocity components in projectile motion (neglecting air resistance)?	• Horizontal: vx = v0 * cos(theta) (constant; ax = 0). • Vertical: vy = v0 * sin(theta) - g * t (ay = -g). At the maximum height of trajectory, vy = 0.
25	What is the Work-Energy Theorem and the formula for work done by a constant force?	W_net = Delta KE = 0.5 * m * (vf^2 - vi^2). Work done by a force F acting over displacement d is W = F * d * cos(theta), where theta is the angle between force and displacement vectors.
26	What are the optical properties of Converging versus Diverging lenses/mirrors?	• Converging (Convex lens / Concave mirror): f > 0; forms real, inverted images when do > f; forms virtual, upright, magnified image when do < f. • Diverging (Concave lens / Convex mirror): f < 0; ALWAYS forms a virtual, upright, reduced image (m < 1) regardless of object placement.
27	How do equivalent capacitance formulas differ for Capacitors in Series versus Parallel?	• Series: 1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + ... (opposite of resistors; same charge Q stored on each). • Parallel: Ceq = C1 + C2 + ... (voltages across each capacitor are equal).
28	What is the Thin Lens Equation and the Magnification formula?	1/f = 1/do + 1/di. Magnification m = -di / do = hi / ho. • Real image: di > 0, inverted (m < 0). • Virtual image: di < 0, upright (m > 0).
29	What is the formula for Torque and the two conditions for complete Static Equilibrium?	Torque tau = r * F * sin(theta) = F * (lever arm). For static equilibrium: 1. Translational Equilibrium: Sum of all external forces = 0 (sum Fx = 0, sum Fy = 0). 2. Rotational Equilibrium: Sum of all external torques = 0.
30	What are the formulas for Gravitational Potential Energy and Elastic Potential Energy?	• Gravitational PE: PE_grav = m * g * h (near Earth's surface). • Elastic PE: PE_elastic = 0.5 * k * x^2, where k is spring constant and x is displacement from equilibrium (Hooke's Law: F = -k*x).
31	What is the formula for Capacitance and how do dielectrics alter capacitance?	C = Q / V = kappa * (epsilon0 * A / d). Inserting a dielectric material with dielectric constant kappa > 1 between the plates always INCREASES capacitance by a factor of kappa.
32	What is the formula for Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential (Voltage)?	• Electric Potential Energy: U = (k * q1 * q2) / r = q * V. • Electric Potential: V = (k * Q) / r. Work done by electric field moving charge q is W = -q * Delta V.