What two essential experimental features enable true experiments to establish causal relationships between variables?

1. Active manipulation of the Independent Variable (IV) across experimental and control conditions. 2. Random Assignment of participants to conditions to equalize extraneous participant variables across groups.

What is the psychometric difference between reliability and validity of a measurement instrument?

Reliability is the consistency, stability, and reproducibility of test scores (e.g., test-retest); Validity is the extent to which an instrument truly measures the conceptual construct it claims to measure.

What is the critical diagnostic distinction between Bipolar I Disorder and Bipolar II Disorder?

Bipolar I requires at least one lifetime full Manic Episode (severe functional impairment, possible psychosis); Bipolar II requires at least one Hypomanic Episode AND at least one Major Depressive Episode, with no full mania.

In Solomon Asch's line judgment conformity experiments, what distinction was drawn between normative and informational social influence?

Normative influence: conforming to gain social approval or avoid ostracism; Informational influence: conforming because one believes the group possesses accurate knowledge about ambiguous reality.

How do the Central and Peripheral routes to persuasion differ in the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)?

Central route relies on high cognitive motivation, scrutinizing message arguments, producing enduring attitude change; Peripheral route relies on superficial cues (speaker attractiveness, heuristics), producing transient change.

What is the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) in social psychology?

The pervasive tendency for observers to underestimate situational environmental pressures and overestimate internal, dispositional traits when explaining another person's behavior.

What are the Big Five personality traits in the Five-Factor Model (OCEAN)?

1. Openness to Experience 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism (emotional instability).

What constitutes Aaron Beck's Cognitive Triad in the cognitive etiology of depression?

Negative, automatic, dysfunctional schema regarding: 1. The Self ('I am worthless') 2. The World/Experience ('The world is hostile/unfair') 3. The Future ('Things will never get better').

What core ethical principles governing human psychological research are codified in the Belmont Report and APA ethics code?

Respect for Persons (Informed Consent, autonomy, voluntary participation), Beneficence (maximizing benefits, minimizing harm, risk-benefit assessment), and Justice (equitable selection of research subjects), along with debriefing when deception is used.

What diagnostic symptoms characterize Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) versus Panic Disorder?

GAD involves persistent, excessive, uncontrollable worry about multiple everyday domains for >= 6 months with autonomic tension; Panic Disorder involves recurrent, unexpected, sudden surges of intense terror (panic attacks) with persistent fear of recurrence.

What is Albert Bandura's concept of Reciprocal Determinism in social-cognitive personality theory?

Personality and behavior are shaped by continuous, dynamic, triadic reciprocal interactions among internal cognitive/biological factors, overt behavioral patterns, and external environmental influences.

Explain the Freudian defense mechanisms of Reaction Formation, Projection, and Sublimation.

Reaction Formation: expressing behavior opposite to an unacceptable impulse; Projection: attributing one's own unacceptable impulses onto others; Sublimation: redirecting instinctual drives into socially productive, creative pursuits.

What is the Bystander Effect, and what two social psychological mechanisms drive it?

Individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency when other passive onlookers are present; driven by Diffusion of Responsibility and Pluralistic Ignorance.

What are the four primary symptom clusters of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the DSM-5?

1. Intrusive re-experiencing (flashbacks, nightmares) 2. Active avoidance of trauma-related stimuli 3. Negative alterations in cognition and mood (emotional numbing) 4. Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity (hypervigilance, exaggerated startle).

According to Robert Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation, why does the presence of an audience affect performance differently on easy versus complex tasks?

Presence of conspecifics increases physiological arousal, which strengthens the dominant response: enhancing performance on simple/well-learned tasks, but impairing performance on novel/complex tasks.

How do the Foot-in-the-Door technique and the Door-in-the-Face technique differ in inducing social compliance?

Foot-in-the-door secures agreement to a small initial request to increase compliance with a larger subsequent request; Door-in-the-face makes an extreme request that is refused, followed by the target concession request.

What is the pharmacological mechanism and risk profile of first-generation (typical) versus second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics?

Typical antipsychotics are potent D2 dopamine receptor antagonists carrying high risk of Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) and Tardive Dyskinesia; atypical antipsychotics antagonize 5-HT2A and D2 receptors, carrying lower EPS risk but higher metabolic syndrome risk.

What three core therapeutic conditions did Carl Rogers posit as necessary and sufficient for constructive personality change?

1. Unconditional Positive Regard (non-judgmental acceptance) 2. Empathy (accurate empathic understanding) 3. Congruence (genuineness/authenticity of the therapist).

What did Muzafer Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment demonstrate regarding intergroup conflict and its resolution?

Intergroup hostility arises naturally from competition for scarce resources (Realistic Conflict Theory) and is eliminated only through cooperative pursuit of Superordinate Goals requiring mutual interdependence.

What is Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), and for which disorder is it the first-line gold standard behavioral therapy?

A CBT behavioral protocol where patients are systematically exposed to anxiety-provoking obsessional triggers while refraining from performing compulsive rituals; first-line therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

What is the psychological relationship between obsessions and compulsions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Obsessions are recurrent, intrusive, distress-inducing thoughts, images, or urges; compulsions are repetitive behavioral rituals or mental acts performed to neutralize the anxiety caused by obsessions.

What are the DSM-5 positive and negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?

Positive symptoms (excess/distortion): Hallucinations (auditory most common), Delusions, Disorganized speech/thinking; Negative symptoms (deficit/loss): Flat affect, Avolition, Alogia, Anhedonia, Asociality.

What proportion of participants in Stanley Milgram's classic obedience experiment administered the maximum 450-volt shock?

Approximately 65% (26 out of 40) of participants administered shocks up to the maximum 450-volt danger level under direct commands from the authority figure.

What are the two hallmark diagnostic core criteria for a Major Depressive Episode in the DSM-5?

Persistent depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, OR Anhedonia (markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities) for at least two consecutive weeks.

How do Group Polarization and Groupthink differ in collective group decision making?

Group Polarization is the exaggeration of a group's initial dominant ideological inclination following discussion; Groupthink is the suppression of dissenting opinions and critical appraisal in cohesive groups to preserve harmony.

Why does a strong correlation between two variables (r = +0.85) never prove that variable X causes variable Y?

Correlation does not imply causation due to the Directionality Problem (Y might cause X) and the Third-Variable Problem (an unmeasured confound Z might cause both X and Y).

What is Julian Rotter's concept of Locus of Control, and how does it correlate with coping outcomes?

Internal locus: believing personal agency, effort, and decisions govern life outcomes (linked to proactive coping and resilience); External locus: believing outcomes are governed by luck, fate, or powerful external forces.

What is Cognitive Dissonance according to Leon Festinger, and what classic experimental finding demonstrated it?

Psychological discomfort arising from holding contradictory beliefs or actions; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) showed participants paid $1 to lie rated a boring task as genuinely enjoyable (insufficient justification).

Which three personality disorders comprise Cluster B ('dramatic, emotional, or erratic') in the DSM-5?

Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Histrionic Personality Disorder, and Narcissistic Personality Disorder.

What experimental safeguard protects against both experimenter expectancy effects and participant demand characteristics?

The Double-Blind procedure, in which neither the human participants nor the experimenters interacting with them know which group received the active treatment or placebo.

What are the three structural components of the human psyche in Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic model?

Id: unconscious biological drives operating on the Pleasure Principle; Ego: realistic mediator operating on the Reality Principle; Superego: internalized moral conscience and ego-ideal.

What criteria define a psychological disorder in the DSM-5-TR?

A clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior reflecting dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes, causing significant distress or impairment in social/occupational functioning.

Cognitive Psychology (Nederlands) — Gevorderd (C1/C2) 1: Social Psychology, Personality Theories, Psychological Disorders & Research Methods

[Nederlands] Cognitive Psychology (Nederlands): Social influence, attribution, Big Five personality traits, DSM-5 psychopathology classifications, therapeutic approaches, and experimental design

Level: advanced
Languages: nl → nl
Cards: 32
Markdown: Cognitive Psychology (Nederlands) — Gevorderd (C1/C2) 1: Social Psychology, Personality Theories, Psychological Disorders & Research Methods (.md)

Flashcards (32)

#	Front (Term / Question)	Back (Definition / Answer)
1	What two essential experimental features enable true experiments to establish causal relationships between variables?	1. Active manipulation of the Independent Variable (IV) across experimental and control conditions. 2. Random Assignment of participants to conditions to equalize extraneous participant variables across groups.
2	What is the psychometric difference between reliability and validity of a measurement instrument?	Reliability is the consistency, stability, and reproducibility of test scores (e.g., test-retest); Validity is the extent to which an instrument truly measures the conceptual construct it claims to measure.
3	What is the critical diagnostic distinction between Bipolar I Disorder and Bipolar II Disorder?	Bipolar I requires at least one lifetime full Manic Episode (severe functional impairment, possible psychosis); Bipolar II requires at least one Hypomanic Episode AND at least one Major Depressive Episode, with no full mania.
4	In Solomon Asch's line judgment conformity experiments, what distinction was drawn between normative and informational social influence?	Normative influence: conforming to gain social approval or avoid ostracism; Informational influence: conforming because one believes the group possesses accurate knowledge about ambiguous reality.
5	How do the Central and Peripheral routes to persuasion differ in the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)?	Central route relies on high cognitive motivation, scrutinizing message arguments, producing enduring attitude change; Peripheral route relies on superficial cues (speaker attractiveness, heuristics), producing transient change.
6	What is the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) in social psychology?	The pervasive tendency for observers to underestimate situational environmental pressures and overestimate internal, dispositional traits when explaining another person's behavior.
7	What are the Big Five personality traits in the Five-Factor Model (OCEAN)?	1. Openness to Experience 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism (emotional instability).
8	What constitutes Aaron Beck's Cognitive Triad in the cognitive etiology of depression?	Negative, automatic, dysfunctional schema regarding: 1. The Self ('I am worthless') 2. The World/Experience ('The world is hostile/unfair') 3. The Future ('Things will never get better').
9	What core ethical principles governing human psychological research are codified in the Belmont Report and APA ethics code?	Respect for Persons (Informed Consent, autonomy, voluntary participation), Beneficence (maximizing benefits, minimizing harm, risk-benefit assessment), and Justice (equitable selection of research subjects), along with debriefing when deception is used.
10	What diagnostic symptoms characterize Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) versus Panic Disorder?	GAD involves persistent, excessive, uncontrollable worry about multiple everyday domains for >= 6 months with autonomic tension; Panic Disorder involves recurrent, unexpected, sudden surges of intense terror (panic attacks) with persistent fear of recurrence.
11	What is Albert Bandura's concept of Reciprocal Determinism in social-cognitive personality theory?	Personality and behavior are shaped by continuous, dynamic, triadic reciprocal interactions among internal cognitive/biological factors, overt behavioral patterns, and external environmental influences.
12	Explain the Freudian defense mechanisms of Reaction Formation, Projection, and Sublimation.	Reaction Formation: expressing behavior opposite to an unacceptable impulse; Projection: attributing one's own unacceptable impulses onto others; Sublimation: redirecting instinctual drives into socially productive, creative pursuits.
13	What is the Bystander Effect, and what two social psychological mechanisms drive it?	Individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency when other passive onlookers are present; driven by Diffusion of Responsibility and Pluralistic Ignorance.
14	What are the four primary symptom clusters of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the DSM-5?	1. Intrusive re-experiencing (flashbacks, nightmares) 2. Active avoidance of trauma-related stimuli 3. Negative alterations in cognition and mood (emotional numbing) 4. Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity (hypervigilance, exaggerated startle).
15	According to Robert Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation, why does the presence of an audience affect performance differently on easy versus complex tasks?	Presence of conspecifics increases physiological arousal, which strengthens the dominant response: enhancing performance on simple/well-learned tasks, but impairing performance on novel/complex tasks.
16	How do the Foot-in-the-Door technique and the Door-in-the-Face technique differ in inducing social compliance?	Foot-in-the-door secures agreement to a small initial request to increase compliance with a larger subsequent request; Door-in-the-face makes an extreme request that is refused, followed by the target concession request.
17	What is the pharmacological mechanism and risk profile of first-generation (typical) versus second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics?	Typical antipsychotics are potent D2 dopamine receptor antagonists carrying high risk of Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) and Tardive Dyskinesia; atypical antipsychotics antagonize 5-HT2A and D2 receptors, carrying lower EPS risk but higher metabolic syndrome risk.
18	What three core therapeutic conditions did Carl Rogers posit as necessary and sufficient for constructive personality change?	1. Unconditional Positive Regard (non-judgmental acceptance) 2. Empathy (accurate empathic understanding) 3. Congruence (genuineness/authenticity of the therapist).
19	What did Muzafer Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment demonstrate regarding intergroup conflict and its resolution?	Intergroup hostility arises naturally from competition for scarce resources (Realistic Conflict Theory) and is eliminated only through cooperative pursuit of Superordinate Goals requiring mutual interdependence.
20	What is Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), and for which disorder is it the first-line gold standard behavioral therapy?	A CBT behavioral protocol where patients are systematically exposed to anxiety-provoking obsessional triggers while refraining from performing compulsive rituals; first-line therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.
21	What is the psychological relationship between obsessions and compulsions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?	Obsessions are recurrent, intrusive, distress-inducing thoughts, images, or urges; compulsions are repetitive behavioral rituals or mental acts performed to neutralize the anxiety caused by obsessions.
22	What are the DSM-5 positive and negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?	Positive symptoms (excess/distortion): Hallucinations (auditory most common), Delusions, Disorganized speech/thinking; Negative symptoms (deficit/loss): Flat affect, Avolition, Alogia, Anhedonia, Asociality.
23	What proportion of participants in Stanley Milgram's classic obedience experiment administered the maximum 450-volt shock?	Approximately 65% (26 out of 40) of participants administered shocks up to the maximum 450-volt danger level under direct commands from the authority figure.
24	What are the two hallmark diagnostic core criteria for a Major Depressive Episode in the DSM-5?	Persistent depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, OR Anhedonia (markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities) for at least two consecutive weeks.
25	How do Group Polarization and Groupthink differ in collective group decision making?	Group Polarization is the exaggeration of a group's initial dominant ideological inclination following discussion; Groupthink is the suppression of dissenting opinions and critical appraisal in cohesive groups to preserve harmony.
26	Why does a strong correlation between two variables (r = +0.85) never prove that variable X causes variable Y?	Correlation does not imply causation due to the Directionality Problem (Y might cause X) and the Third-Variable Problem (an unmeasured confound Z might cause both X and Y).
27	What is Julian Rotter's concept of Locus of Control, and how does it correlate with coping outcomes?	Internal locus: believing personal agency, effort, and decisions govern life outcomes (linked to proactive coping and resilience); External locus: believing outcomes are governed by luck, fate, or powerful external forces.
28	What is Cognitive Dissonance according to Leon Festinger, and what classic experimental finding demonstrated it?	Psychological discomfort arising from holding contradictory beliefs or actions; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) showed participants paid $1 to lie rated a boring task as genuinely enjoyable (insufficient justification).
29	Which three personality disorders comprise Cluster B ('dramatic, emotional, or erratic') in the DSM-5?	Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Histrionic Personality Disorder, and Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
30	What experimental safeguard protects against both experimenter expectancy effects and participant demand characteristics?	The Double-Blind procedure, in which neither the human participants nor the experimenters interacting with them know which group received the active treatment or placebo.
31	What are the three structural components of the human psyche in Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic model?	Id: unconscious biological drives operating on the Pleasure Principle; Ego: realistic mediator operating on the Reality Principle; Superego: internalized moral conscience and ego-ideal.
32	What criteria define a psychological disorder in the DSM-5-TR?	A clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior reflecting dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes, causing significant distress or impairment in social/occupational functioning.