In NMAT Biology, which heart valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle, and which vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle; the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) monitors weather/typhoons; PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology) monitors volcanoes and earthquakes.

Equivalent resistance Req = 1 Ω (since 1/Req = 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/6 = 6/6 = 1). Total current I = V / Req = 12 V / 1 Ω = 12 A.

1. Sensorimotor (0–2 yrs), 2. Preoperational (2–7 yrs), 3. Concrete Operational (7–11 yrs), 4. Formal Operational (12+ yrs).

In UPCAT Combinatorics, how many distinct permutations can be formed from all the letters of the word 'MISSISSIPPI'?

34,650 permutations, calculated as 11! / (1! × 4! × 4! × 2!) for 1 M, 4 I's, 4 S's, and 2 P's.

Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture; cultural relativism is understanding a culture's beliefs and practices from that culture's own perspective.

The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle; the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Across a period (left to right): atomic radius decreases and electronegativity increases. Down a group: atomic radius increases and electronegativity decreases.

In Physics Optics, what type of image is always formed by a diverging (concave) lens or a convex mirror for a real object?

Always virtual, upright (erect), and reduced (diminished) in size.

34,650 permutations, calculated as 11! / (1! × 4! × 4! × 2!) for 1 M, 4 I's, 4 S's, and 2 P's.

Conservation of energy: ΔU = Q - W, where Q is positive when heat is added to the system and W is positive when work is done by the system on its surroundings.

PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) monitors weather/typhoons; PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology) monitors volcanoes and earthquakes.

In UPCAT Earth Science, what is the Mohs Hardness Scale ordering from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest)?

1 Talc, 2 Gypsum, 3 Calcite, 4 Fluorite, 5 Apatite, 6 Orthoclase Feldspar, 7 Quartz, 8 Topaz, 9 Corundum, 10 Diamond.

Hypertonic: water leaves the cell causing crenation (shrinking); Isotonic: no net water movement; Hypotonic: water enters the cell causing hemolysis (swelling and bursting).

Aldehydes have a terminal carbonyl group (R-CHO), whereas ketones have an internal carbonyl group (R-CO-R').

'Nang' is used as a conjunction ('when'/'so that'), before adverbs of manner, between repeated verbs (e.g., takbo nang takbo), and as 'na + na/ng'.

In UPCAT/NMAT Biology, what are the distinct stages of mitosis in order and what happens at metaphase?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT). During Metaphase, chromosomes align along the equatorial (metaphase) plate attached to spindle fibers at their kinetochores.

The Philippine Trench (and East Luzon Trough), while the Manila Trench lies to the west where the Sunda Plate subducts.

Always virtual, upright (erect), and reduced (diminished) in size.

Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture; cultural relativism is understanding a culture's beliefs and practices from that culture's own perspective.

In UPCAT Biology, which plant hormones are responsible for phototropism/apical dominance, fruit ripening, and seed dormancy, respectively?

Auxin drives phototropism and apical dominance; Ethylene promotes fruit ripening; Abscisic acid (ABA) maintains seed dormancy and closes stomata during drought.

Genotypic ratio: 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt (1:2:1). Phenotypic ratio: 3 Tall : 1 Short (3:1).

Across a period (left to right): atomic radius decreases and electronegativity increases. Down a group: atomic radius increases and electronegativity decreases.

Pagtutulad = Simile; Pagwawangis = Metaphor; Pagtatao (Personipikasyon) = Personification; Pagmamalabis (Eksaherasyon) = Hyperbole.

In UPCAT Algebra, if log_2(x) + log_2(x - 2) = 3, what is the value of x?

x = 4. Combining logs gives log_2(x(x - 2)) = 3 => x² - 2x = 2³ = 8 => (x - 4)(x + 2) = 0. Since log arguments must be positive, x = 4.

'Nang' is used as a conjunction ('when'/'so that'), before adverbs of manner, between repeated verbs (e.g., takbo nang takbo), and as 'na + na/ng'.

Auxin drives phototropism and apical dominance; Ethylene promotes fruit ripening; Abscisic acid (ABA) maintains seed dormancy and closes stomata during drought.

Amihan (Northeast Monsoon): cool, dry air from November to February/March; Habagat (Southwest Monsoon): warm, humid, rain-bearing winds from June to October.

In UPCAT Geometry, what is the equation of a circle with center (h, k) and radius r, and what are the center and radius of x² + y² - 6x + 8y = 0?

Standard form: (x - h)² + (y - k)² = r². Completing the square gives (x - 3)² + (y + 4)² = 25, so center is (3, -4) and radius r = 5.

Use 'rin/raw/rito' when the preceding word ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or the semivowels 'w' and 'y'; use 'din/daw/dito' when the preceding word ends in a consonant (except w and y, or after…

1 Talc, 2 Gypsum, 3 Calcite, 4 Fluorite, 5 Apatite, 6 Orthoclase Feldspar, 7 Quartz, 8 Topaz, 9 Corundum, 10 Diamond.

pH = 3, because HCl is a strong monoprotic acid ([H+] = 10^-3 M, and pH = -log[10^-3] = 3).

In NMAT Social Science (Sociology), what is the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism?

Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture; cultural relativism is understanding a culture's beliefs and practices from that culture's own perspective.

Auxin drives phototropism and apical dominance; Ethylene promotes fruit ripening; Abscisic acid (ABA) maintains seed dormancy and closes stomata during drought.

PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) monitors weather/typhoons; PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology) monitors volcanoes and earthquakes.

Sum of roots (r1 + r2) = -b/a; Product of roots (r1 · r2) = c/a.

In UPCAT Scoring, how is the right-minus-wrong penalty calculated, and when should a test-taker make an educated guess?

UPCAT deducts 0.25 (1/4 point) for each wrong answer while leaving items blank incurs 0 deduction. If you can eliminate at least 1 or 2 wrong choices, the expected value of guessing becomes positive.

By the Remainder Theorem, evaluate P(2) = 2(8) - 3(4) + 4(2) - 5 = 16 - 12 + 8 - 5 = 7.

Amihan (Northeast Monsoon): cool, dry air from November to February/March; Habagat (Southwest Monsoon): warm, humid, rain-bearing winds from June to October.

Standard form: (x - h)² + (y - k)² = r². Completing the square gives (x - 3)² + (y + 4)² = 25, so center is (3, -4) and radius r = 5.

In NMAT Organic Chemistry, what is the difference in functional group between an aldehyde and a ketone, and which reagent test distinguishes them?

Aldehydes have a terminal carbonyl group (R-CHO), whereas ketones have an internal carbonyl group (R-CO-R'). Tollens' reagent (silver mirror test) oxidizes aldehydes to give a silver mirror, while ketones do not react.

x = 4. Combining logs gives log_2(x(x - 2)) = 3 => x² - 2x = 2³ = 8 => (x - 4)(x + 2) = 0. Since log arguments must be positive, x = 4.

Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture; cultural relativism is understanding a culture's beliefs and practices from that culture's own perspective.

Genotypic ratio: 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt (1:2:1). Phenotypic ratio: 3 Tall : 1 Short (3:1).

In NMAT Physics (Thermodynamics), what is the First Law of Thermodynamics and what sign convention applies to Q and W in ΔU = Q - W?

Conservation of energy: ΔU = Q - W, where Q is positive when heat is added to the system and W is positive when work is done by the system on its surroundings.

The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle; the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

pH = 3, because HCl is a strong monoprotic acid ([H+] = 10^-3 M, and pH = -log[10^-3] = 3).

sin(30°) = 1/2; cos(30°) = √3/2; sin(45°) = √2/2; tan(60°) = √3.

What is the net ATP yield per molecule of glucose during glycolysis, and where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

A net gain of 2 ATP (4 ATP produced minus 2 ATP invested) and 2 NADH, occurring in the cytosol (cytoplasm).

Boyle's Law: P1V1 = P2V2 (pressure is inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature and moles).

Standard form: (x - h)² + (y - k)² = r². Completing the square gives (x - 3)² + (y + 4)² = 25, so center is (3, -4) and radius r = 5.

Conservation of energy: ΔU = Q - W, where Q is positive when heat is added to the system and W is positive when work is done by the system on its surroundings.

What are the two major monsoon winds affecting the Philippines, their wind directions, and their typical seasons?

Amihan (Northeast Monsoon): cool, dry air from November to February/March; Habagat (Southwest Monsoon): warm, humid, rain-bearing winds from June to October.

Vertical velocity vy = 0 m/s; vertical acceleration ay = -g (-9.8 m/s² downward). Horizontal velocity vx = v0 cos(θ) remains constant.

Pagtutulad = Simile; Pagwawangis = Metaphor; Pagtatao (Personipikasyon) = Personification; Pagmamalabis (Eksaherasyon) = Hyperbole.

1 Talc, 2 Gypsum, 3 Calcite, 4 Fluorite, 5 Apatite, 6 Orthoclase Feldspar, 7 Quartz, 8 Topaz, 9 Corundum, 10 Diamond.

In UPCAT Reading Comprehension (Filipino), what do the tayutay (figures of speech) 'Pagtutulad', 'Pagwawangis', 'Pagtatao', and 'Pagmamalabis' correspond to in English?

Pagtutulad = Simile; Pagwawangis = Metaphor; Pagtatao (Personipikasyon) = Personification; Pagmamalabis (Eksaherasyon) = Hyperbole.

Focus on asymmetric details (left-right reversal while top-bottom orientation stays unchanged) and eliminate options by checking one corner/feature at a time.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT). During Metaphase, chromosomes align along the equatorial (metaphase) plate attached to spindle fibers at their kinetochores.

Aldehydes have a terminal carbonyl group (R-CHO), whereas ketones have an internal carbonyl group (R-CO-R').

In Philippine Earth Science, which tectonic trench east of the Philippines is generated by the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Philippine Mobile Belt?

The Philippine Trench (and East Luzon Trough), while the Manila Trench lies to the west where the Sunda Plate subducts.

Aldehydes have a terminal carbonyl group (R-CHO), whereas ketones have an internal carbonyl group (R-CO-R').

34,650 permutations, calculated as 11! / (1! × 4! × 4! × 2!) for 1 M, 4 I's, 4 S's, and 2 P's.

Auxin drives phototropism and apical dominance; Ethylene promotes fruit ripening; Abscisic acid (ABA) maintains seed dormancy and closes stomata during drought.

In UPCAT/NMAT Chemistry, what is the pH of a 0.001 M HCl solution at 25°C?

pH = 3, because HCl is a strong monoprotic acid ([H+] = 10^-3 M, and pH = -log[10^-3] = 3).

Equivalent resistance Req = 1 Ω (since 1/Req = 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/6 = 6/6 = 1). Total current I = V / Req = 12 V / 1 Ω = 12 A.

'Nang' is used as a conjunction ('when'/'so that'), before adverbs of manner, between repeated verbs (e.g., takbo nang takbo), and as 'na + na/ng'.

By the Remainder Theorem, evaluate P(2) = 2(8) - 3(4) + 4(2) - 5 = 16 - 12 + 8 - 5 = 7.

In NMAT Social Science (Psychology), what are Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development in chronological order?

1. Sensorimotor (0–2 yrs), 2. Preoperational (2–7 yrs), 3. Concrete Operational (7–11 yrs), 4. Formal Operational (12+ yrs).

LEORA / GEROA (Lose Electrons = Oxidation = Reducing Agent; Gain Electrons = Reduction = Oxidizing Agent) and AN OX / RED CAT (Anode = Oxidation; Reduction = Cathode).

A net gain of 2 ATP (4 ATP produced minus 2 ATP invested) and 2 NADH, occurring in the cytosol (cytoplasm).

Always virtual, upright (erect), and reduced (diminished) in size.

In NMAT Physics, three resistors of 2 Ω, 3 Ω, and 6 Ω are connected in parallel across a 12 V battery. What is the equivalent resistance and total current?

Equivalent resistance Req = 1 Ω (since 1/Req = 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/6 = 6/6 = 1). Total current I = V / Req = 12 V / 1 Ω = 12 A.

sin(30°) = 1/2; cos(30°) = √3/2; sin(45°) = √2/2; tan(60°) = √3.

UPCAT deducts 0.25 (1/4 point) for each wrong answer while leaving items blank incurs 0 deduction. If you can eliminate at least 1 or 2 wrong choices, the expected value of guessing becomes positive.

A net gain of 2 ATP (4 ATP produced minus 2 ATP invested) and 2 NADH, occurring in the cytosol (cytoplasm).

In NMAT Quantitative/Perceptual Acuity, how is the Mirror Image subtest solved most efficiently?

Focus on asymmetric details (left-right reversal while top-bottom orientation stays unchanged) and eliminate options by checking one corner/feature at a time.

1 Talc, 2 Gypsum, 3 Calcite, 4 Fluorite, 5 Apatite, 6 Orthoclase Feldspar, 7 Quartz, 8 Topaz, 9 Corundum, 10 Diamond.

The Philippine Trench (and East Luzon Trough), while the Manila Trench lies to the west where the Sunda Plate subducts.

x = 4. Combining logs gives log_2(x(x - 2)) = 3 => x² - 2x = 2³ = 8 => (x - 4)(x + 2) = 0. Since log arguments must be positive, x = 4.

In NMAT Chemistry, which gas law relates pressure and volume at constant temperature, and what is its mathematical formula?

Boyle's Law: P1V1 = P2V2 (pressure is inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature and moles).

Always virtual, upright (erect), and reduced (diminished) in size.

Use 'rin/raw/rito' when the preceding word ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or the semivowels 'w' and 'y'; use 'din/daw/dito' when the preceding word ends in a consonant (except w and y, or after…

The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle; the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

In UPCAT Biology, if a heterozygous tall pea plant (Tt) is crossed with another heterozygous tall plant (Tt), what are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring?

Genotypic ratio: 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt (1:2:1). Phenotypic ratio: 3 Tall : 1 Short (3:1).

Amihan (Northeast Monsoon): cool, dry air from November to February/March; Habagat (Southwest Monsoon): warm, humid, rain-bearing winds from June to October.

Sum of roots (r1 + r2) = -b/a; Product of roots (r1 · r2) = c/a.

Focus on asymmetric details (left-right reversal while top-bottom orientation stays unchanged) and eliminate options by checking one corner/feature at a time.

In Filipino Grammar, when do you use 'din/daw/dito' versus 'rin/raw/rito'?

Use 'rin/raw/rito' when the preceding word ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or the semivowels 'w' and 'y'; use 'din/daw/dito' when the preceding word ends in a consonant (except w and y, or after -ra/-ri/-raw/-ray syllables).

Conservation of energy: ΔU = Q - W, where Q is positive when heat is added to the system and W is positive when work is done by the system on its surroundings.

Hypertonic: water leaves the cell causing crenation (shrinking); Isotonic: no net water movement; Hypotonic: water enters the cell causing hemolysis (swelling and bursting).

Equivalent resistance Req = 1 Ω (since 1/Req = 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/6 = 6/6 = 1). Total current I = V / Req = 12 V / 1 Ω = 12 A.

In UPCAT Chemistry, how do atomic radius and electronegativity change across a period (left to right) and down a group in the periodic table?

Across a period (left to right): atomic radius decreases and electronegativity increases. Down a group: atomic radius increases and electronegativity decreases.

Sum of roots (r1 + r2) = -b/a; Product of roots (r1 · r2) = c/a.

1. Sensorimotor (0–2 yrs), 2. Preoperational (2–7 yrs), 3. Concrete Operational (7–11 yrs), 4. Formal Operational (12+ yrs).

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT). During Metaphase, chromosomes align along the equatorial (metaphase) plate attached to spindle fibers at their kinetochores.

In NMAT Chemistry, which oxidation-reduction mnemonic describes electron transfer and behavior at the anode and cathode?

LEORA / GEROA (Lose Electrons = Oxidation = Reducing Agent; Gain Electrons = Reduction = Oxidizing Agent) and AN OX / RED CAT (Anode = Oxidation; Reduction = Cathode).

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT). During Metaphase, chromosomes align along the equatorial (metaphase) plate attached to spindle fibers at their kinetochores.

Boyle's Law: P1V1 = P2V2 (pressure is inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature and moles).

34,650 permutations, calculated as 11! / (1! × 4! × 4! × 2!) for 1 M, 4 I's, 4 S's, and 2 P's.

In UPCAT Mathematics, what are the sum and product of the roots of the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 (Vieta's Formulas)?

Sum of roots (r1 + r2) = -b/a; Product of roots (r1 · r2) = c/a.

Pagtutulad = Simile; Pagwawangis = Metaphor; Pagtatao (Personipikasyon) = Personification; Pagmamalabis (Eksaherasyon) = Hyperbole.

LEORA / GEROA (Lose Electrons = Oxidation = Reducing Agent; Gain Electrons = Reduction = Oxidizing Agent) and AN OX / RED CAT (Anode = Oxidation; Reduction = Cathode).

The Philippine Trench (and East Luzon Trough), while the Manila Trench lies to the west where the Sunda Plate subducts.

In UPCAT Trigonometry, what are the exact values of sin(30°), cos(30°), sin(45°), and tan(60°)?

sin(30°) = 1/2; cos(30°) = √3/2; sin(45°) = √2/2; tan(60°) = √3.

1. Sensorimotor (0–2 yrs), 2. Preoperational (2–7 yrs), 3. Concrete Operational (7–11 yrs), 4. Formal Operational (12+ yrs).

By the Remainder Theorem, evaluate P(2) = 2(8) - 3(4) + 4(2) - 5 = 16 - 12 + 8 - 5 = 7.

Boyle's Law: P1V1 = P2V2 (pressure is inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature and moles).

In NMAT & UPCAT Cell Biology, how does a red blood cell respond when placed in a hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic solution?

Hypertonic: water leaves the cell causing crenation (shrinking); Isotonic: no net water movement; Hypotonic: water enters the cell causing hemolysis (swelling and bursting).

pH = 3, because HCl is a strong monoprotic acid ([H+] = 10^-3 M, and pH = -log[10^-3] = 3).

x = 4. Combining logs gives log_2(x(x - 2)) = 3 => x² - 2x = 2³ = 8 => (x - 4)(x + 2) = 0. Since log arguments must be positive, x = 4.

UPCAT deducts 0.25 (1/4 point) for each wrong answer while leaving items blank incurs 0 deduction. If you can eliminate at least 1 or 2 wrong choices, the expected value of guessing becomes positive.

In UPCAT/ACET Filipino Grammar, when do you use 'nang' (four letters) versus 'ng' (two letters)?

'Nang' is used as a conjunction ('when'/'so that'), before adverbs of manner, between repeated verbs (e.g., takbo nang takbo), and as 'na + na/ng'. 'Ng' is used to show possession ('of') and to mark direct objects of actions.

UPCAT deducts 0.25 (1/4 point) for each wrong answer while leaving items blank incurs 0 deduction. If you can eliminate at least 1 or 2 wrong choices, the expected value of guessing becomes positive.

Genotypic ratio: 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt (1:2:1). Phenotypic ratio: 3 Tall : 1 Short (3:1).

Vertical velocity vy = 0 m/s; vertical acceleration ay = -g (-9.8 m/s² downward). Horizontal velocity vx = v0 cos(θ) remains constant.

In UPCAT Earth Science, which agency in the Philippines monitors typhoons and earthquakes, respectively?

PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) monitors weather/typhoons; PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology) monitors volcanoes and earthquakes.

Across a period (left to right): atomic radius decreases and electronegativity increases. Down a group: atomic radius increases and electronegativity decreases.

sin(30°) = 1/2; cos(30°) = √3/2; sin(45°) = √2/2; tan(60°) = √3.

LEORA / GEROA (Lose Electrons = Oxidation = Reducing Agent; Gain Electrons = Reduction = Oxidizing Agent) and AN OX / RED CAT (Anode = Oxidation; Reduction = Cathode).

In UPCAT Mathematics, what is the remainder when P(x) = 2x³ - 3x² + 4x - 5 is divided by (x - 2)?

By the Remainder Theorem, evaluate P(2) = 2(8) - 3(4) + 4(2) - 5 = 16 - 12 + 8 - 5 = 7.

A net gain of 2 ATP (4 ATP produced minus 2 ATP invested) and 2 NADH, occurring in the cytosol (cytoplasm).

Vertical velocity vy = 0 m/s; vertical acceleration ay = -g (-9.8 m/s² downward). Horizontal velocity vx = v0 cos(θ) remains constant.

Use 'rin/raw/rito' when the preceding word ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or the semivowels 'w' and 'y'; use 'din/daw/dito' when the preceding word ends in a consonant (except w and y, or after…

In UPCAT/NMAT Physics, a projectile is launched from the ground with initial velocity v0 at angle θ. At the highest point of its trajectory, what are its vertical velocity and vertical acceleration?

Vertical velocity vy = 0 m/s; vertical acceleration ay = -g (-9.8 m/s² downward). Horizontal velocity vx = v0 cos(θ) remains constant.

Standard form: (x - h)² + (y - k)² = r². Completing the square gives (x - 3)² + (y + 4)² = 25, so center is (3, -4) and radius r = 5.

Focus on asymmetric details (left-right reversal while top-bottom orientation stays unchanged) and eliminate options by checking one corner/feature at a time.

Hypertonic: water leaves the cell causing crenation (shrinking); Isotonic: no net water movement; Hypotonic: water enters the cell causing hemolysis (swelling and bursting).

UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer: Science (Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Earth Science), Mathematics & Reading Comprehension

Covers high-yield Philippine college admission test (UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET) and NMAT concepts across Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Earth Science/PAGASA, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, and English/Filipino reading comprehension.

Level: basic
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Cards: 32
Markdown: UPCAT, ACET, DCAT, USTET & NMAT Reviewer: Science (Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Earth Science), Mathematics & Reading Comprehension (.md)

Flashcards (32)